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The Out-Group Comparison Method of Character Analysis
Abstract
The out-group comparison method of character analysis. Syst. Zool., 30:1–11.—An operational rule for analyzing character polarity with out-group comparison is presented and a series of observations, including potential problems in applying the rule, are discussed. The “commonality principle” (=“frequency of occurrence,” “common equals primitive”) for determining character polarity is reviewed and dismissed as a reliable alternative to out-group comparison. Based on the rule and observations, a general method for character analysis is synthesized.
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Cited by
Estimating character weights during tree search
Goloboff, P. A. (1993) · Cladistics · doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1993.tb00209.x · Cited by 1,296
Olson, P. D., Cribb, T. H., Tkach, V. V., Bray, R. A., & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2003) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00049-3 · Cited by 1,013
ROUSE, G. W., & FAUCHALD, K. (1997) · Zoologica Scripta · doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00412.x · Cited by 688
Chloroplast DNA systematics: a review of methods and data analysis
Olmstead, R. G., & Palmer, J. D. (1994) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15615.x · Cited by 648
CLADISTIC TESTS OF ADAPTATIONAL HYPOTHESES
Coddington, J. A. (1988) · Cladistics · doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00465.x · Cited by 438
Metadata
- Authors
- Watrous, L. E., & Wheeler, Q. D.
- Venue
- Systematic Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1981-03-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 1063-5157 (ISSN-L)
- 1076-836X
- OpenAlex
- W1998763674
- Cited by
- 806
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 36.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Out-Group Comparison Method of Character Analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/sysbio/30.1.1
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- Watrous, L. E., & Wheeler, Q. D. (1981). The Out-Group Comparison Method of Character Analysis. Systematic Biology. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/30.1.1
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
