The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Toxicology of Ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR)
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated transcription factors that modulate target gene expression in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands. Ligands for the PPARs have been widely developed for the treatment of various diseases including dyslipidemias and diabetes. While targeting selective receptor activation is an established therapeutic approach for the treatment of various diseases, a variety of toxicities are known to occur in response to ligand administration. Whether PPAR ligands produce toxicity via a receptor-dependent and/or off-target-mediated mechanism(s) is not always known. Extrapolation of data derived from animal models and/or in vitro models, to humans, is also questionable. The different toxicities and mechanisms associated with administration of ligands for the three PPARs will be discussed, and important data gaps that could increase our current understanding of how PPAR ligands lead to toxicity will be highlighted.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation
Ricote, M., Li, A. C., Willson, T. M., Kelly, C. J., & Glass, C. K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34178 · Cited by 3,525
Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators
Issemann, I., & Green, S. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/347645a0 · Cited by 3,519
IKKβ Links Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer
Greten, F. R., Eckmann, L., Greten, T. F., Park, J. M., Li, Z.-W., Egan, L. J., Kagnoff, M. F., & Karin, M. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.013 · Cited by 2,433
Kliewer, S. A., Sundseth, S. S., Jones, S. A., Brown, P. J., Wisely, G. B., Koble, C. S., Devchand, P., Wahli, W., Willson, T. M., Lenhard, J. M., et al. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4318 · Cited by 2,164 · cited 2×
“In addition to synthetic ligands for PPARs, endogenous compounds have also been shown to bind to and activate PPARs including fatty acids and eicosanoids (Forman et al. 1997; Keller et al. 1993b; Kliewer et al. 1997; Yu et al. 1995).”
BackgroundForman, B. M., Chen, J., & Evans, R. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4312 · Cited by 2,116
Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Activates Fat Metabolism to Prevent Obesity
Wang, Y.-X., Lee, C.-H., Tiep, S., Yu, R. T., Ham, J., Kang, H., & Evans, R. M. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00269-1 · Cited by 1,296
Molecular recognition of fatty acids by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
Xu, H. E., Lambert, M. H., Montana, V. G., Parks, D. J., Blanchard, S. G., Brown, P. J., Sternbach, D. D., Lehmann, J. M., Wisely, G. B., Willson, T. M., et al. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80467-0 · Cited by 1,169
Delerive, P., De Bosscher, K., Besnard, S., Vanden Berghe, W., Peters, J. M., Gonzalez, F. J., Fruchart, J.-C., Tedgui, A., Haegeman, G., & Staels, B. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.45.32048 · Cited by 1,089
Self-citationChawla, A., Barak, Y., Nagy, L., Liao, D., Tontonoz, P., & Evans, R. M. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/83336 · Cited by 1,069
The Developmental Toxicity of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Their Derivatives
Lau, C., Butenhoff, J. L., & Rogers, J. M. (2004) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.031 · Cited by 867
Cited by
Targeting metabolic dysregulation for fibrosis therapy
Zhao, X., Kwan, J. Y. Y., Yip, K., Liu, P. P., & Liu, F.-F. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0040-5 · Cited by 513
Takacs, M. L., & Abbott, B. D. (2007) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl135 · Cited by 396
PPARα: Mechanism of species differences and hepatocarcinogenesis of peroxisome proliferators
Gonzalez, F. J., & Shah, Y. M. (2008) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.030 · Cited by 262
Self-citationProtecting against vascular disease in brain
Faraci, F. M. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01310.2010 · Cited by 196
A small-molecule inhibitor of Tcf/β-catenin signaling down-regulates PPARγ and PPARδ activities
Handeli, S., & Simon, J. A. (2008) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2063 · Cited by 183
Metadata
- Authors
- Peraza, M. A., Burdick, A. D., Marin, H. E., Gonzalez, F. J., & Peters, J. M.
- Venue
- Toxicological Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 269-295
- ISSN
- 1096-0929 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-6080
- OpenAlex
- W2170985017
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 22
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Toxicology of Ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/toxsci/kfj062
- The paper
- Peraza, M. A., Burdick, A. D., Marin, H. E., Gonzalez, F. J., & Peters, J. M. (2006). The Toxicology of Ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR). Toxicological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj062
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.