Cited by 961Intensive Care Unit Cognitive DisordersAnesthesia and Sedative AgentsFamily and Patient Care in Intensive Care Units

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients

Riker, Richard R., Picard, Jean T., Fraser, Gilles L.·1999·Critical Care Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00003246-199907000-00022

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Subjective scales to assess agitation and sedation in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients have rarely been tested for validity or reliability. We revised and prospectively tested the Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) for interrater reliability and compared it with the Ramsay scale and the Harris scale to test construct validity. DESIGN: A convenience sample of ICU patients was simultaneously and independently examined by pairs of trained evaluators by using the revised SAS, Ramsay, and Harris Scales. SETTING: Multidisciplinary 34-bed ICU in a nonuniversity, academic medical center. PATIENTS: Forty-five ICU patients (surgical and medical) were examined a total of 69 times by evaluator pairs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean patient age was 63.2 yrs, 36% were female, and 71% were intubated. When classified by using SAS, 45% were anxious or agitated (SAS 5 to 7), 26% were calm (SAS 4), and 29% were sedated (SAS 1 to 3). Interrater correlation was high for SAS (r2 = .83; p < .001) and the weighted kappa score for interrater agreement was 0.92 (p < .001). Of 41 assessments scored as Ramsay 1, 49% scored SAS 6, 41% were SAS 5, 5% were SAS 4, and 2% each were SAS 3 or 7. SAS was highly correlated with the Ramsay (r2 = .83; p < .001) and Harris (r2 = .86; p < .001) scales. CONCLUSIONS: SAS is both reliable (high interrater agreement) and valid (high correlation with the Harris and Ramsay scales) in assessing agitation and sedation in adult ICU patients. SAS provides additional information by stratifying agitation into three categories (compared with one for the Ramsay scale) without sacrificing validity or reliability.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00003246-199907000-00022

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Controlled Sedation with Alphaxalone-Alphadolone
Ramsay, M. A. E., Savege, T. M., Simpson, B. R. J., & Goodwin, R. (1974) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5920.656 · Cited by 2,860
Validity and Reliability of the Observer??s
CHERNIK, D. A., Gillings, D. B., LAINE, H., Hendler, J., Silver, J., DAVIDSON, A. B., Schwam, E. M., & Siegel, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199008000-00003 · Cited by 1,246
Assessing Distress in Pediatric Intensive Care Environments: The COMFORT Scale
Ambuel, B., Hamlett, K. W., Marx, C. M., & Blumer, J. L. (1992) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95 · Cited by 778
Prolonged sedation of critically ill patients with midazolam or propofol
Vega, R. B., Sánchez-Soria, M. M., Morales-Garcia, C., Robas-Gomez, A., Cuena, R., & Ayensa-Rincon, A. (1997) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199701000-00009 · Cited by 284
Use of Sedating Drugs and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation for Respiratory Failure. A National Survey
Hansen-Flaschen, J. H., Brazinsky, S. A., BASILE, C., & LANKIN, P. N. (1992) · Survey of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00132586-199208000-00047 · Cited by 271
Reliability and accuracy of the Glasgow Coma Scale with experienced and inexperienced users
ROWLEY, G. L., & Fielding, K. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91309-i · Cited by 266
Continuous infusion of haloperidol controls agitation in critically ill patients
Riker, R. R., Fraser, G. L., & Cox, P. M. (1994) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199403000-00013 · Cited by 262
Self-citation
Propofol vs Midazolam in Short-, Medium-, and Long-term Sedation of Critically III Patients
Carrasco, G., Molina, R., Costa, J., Soler, J. M., & Cabré, L. (1993) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.103.2.557 · Cited by 250
Use of Sedating Drugs and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation for Respiratory Failure: A National Survey
Hansen-Flaschen, J. H. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470200082040 · Cited by 250
Beyond the Ramsay scale
Hansen-Flaschen, J., Cowen, J., & Polomano, R. C. (1994) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199405000-00004 · Cited by 181

Show all 20 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Sessler, 1992, Chest, 102, 191s
Harris, 1991, J Drug Dev, 4, 37

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 960

When Should Sedation or Neuromuscular Blockade Be Used During Mechanical Ventilation?
Bennett, S., & Hurford, W. E. (2011) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.01095 · Cited by 33
Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients
Mirski, M. A., & Hemstreet, M. K. (2007) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.028 · Cited by 33
Impact of Enteral Methadone on the Ability to Wean off Continuously Infused Opioids in Critically Ill, Mechanically Ventilated Adults: A Case-Control Study
Al‐Qadheeb, N. S., Roberts, R. J., Griffin, R. M., Garpestad, E., Ruthazer, R., & Devlin, J. W. (2012) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1r132 · Cited by 33
A content analysis of forms, guidelines, and other materials documenting end-of-life care in intensive care units
Clarke, E. B., Luce, J. M., Curtis, J. R., Danis, M., Levy, M. M., Nelson, J. E., & Solomon, M. Z. (2004) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2004.05.001 · Cited by 33
Intensive care unit sedation: Waking up clinicians to the gap between research and practice*
Devlin, J. W., Tanios, M. A., & Epstein, S. K. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000199058.88904.d6 · Cited by 33
Agitation Onset, Frequency, and Associated Temporal Factors in Critically Ill Adults
Burk, R. S., Grap, M. J., Munro, C. L., Schubert, C. M., & Sessler, C. N. (2014) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2014186 · Cited by 32
Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation on the Stress Response During Extubation After General Anesthesia in Elderly Patients Undergoing Elective Supratentorial Craniotomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Bai, W., Yang, Y., Teng, X., Wan, Y., Wei, W., & Zhu, J. (2017) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/ana.0000000000000460 · Cited by 32
Effectiveness of short-term 6-hour high-volume hemofiltration during refractory severe septic shock
Tapía, P., Chinchón, E., Morales, D., Stehberg, J., & Simón, F. (2012) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e318248bc6c · Cited by 32
Comparison of acupressure bands and droperidol for reducing post-operative nausea and vomiting in gynecologic surgery patients
Schultz, A. A., Andrews, A. L., Goran, S. F., Mathew, T., & Sturdevant, N. (2003) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/s0897-1897(03)00057-0 · Cited by 32
Does mechanical threshold inspiratory muscle training promote recovery and improve outcomes in patients who are ventilator-dependent in the intensive care unit? The IMPROVE randomised trial
Bissett, B., Leditschke, I. A., Neeman, T. M., Green, M., Marzano, V., Erwin, K., van Haren, F. M. P., Boots, R. J., & Paratz, J. D. (2022) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2022.07.002 · Cited by 31
Effect of a repeated verbal reminder of orientation on emergence agitation after general anaesthesia for minimally invasive abdominal surgery: a randomised controlled trial
Lee, S., Sohn, J. Y., Hwang, I. E., Lee, H., Yoon, S., Bahk, J.-H., & Kim, B. R. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.12.009 · Cited by 31
Altering Intensive Care Sedation Paradigms to Improve Patient Outcomes
Riker, R. R., & Fraser, G. L. (2011) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2011.09.006 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Protocol: inspiratory muscle training for promoting recovery and outcomes in ventilated patients (IMPROVe): a randomised controlled trial
Bissett, B., Leditschke, I. A., Paratz, J. D., & Boots, R. J. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000813 · Cited by 31
Use of Dexmedetomidine for Prophylactic Analgesia and Sedation in Patients With Delayed Extubation After Craniotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Zhao, L.-H., Shi, Z., Chen, G., Yin, N., Chen, H., Yuan, Y., Cao, W., Xu, M., Hao, J., & Jian-xin, Z. (2015) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/ana.0000000000000260 · Cited by 31
Postoperative Pain Management Strategies and Delirium After Transapical Aortic Valve Replacement: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Strīķe, E., Arkliņa, B., Stradiņš, P., Cusimano, R. J., Osten, M., Horlick, E. M., Styra, R. G., Poonawala, H., Carroll, J., & Djaiani, G. N. (2018) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2018.11.010 · Cited by 31
Pain descriptors for critically ill patients unable to self‐report
Haslam‐Larmer, L., Dale, C., Knechtel, L., & Rose, L. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05813.x · Cited by 31
Pharmacological Management of Sedation and Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients: Remaining Evidence Gaps and Controversies
Fraser, G. L., Ely, E. W., Kress, J. P., Skrobik, Y. K., Dasta, J. F., & Devlin, J. W. (2013) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1342983 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Does Palliative Sedation Always Relieve Symptoms?
Davis, M. P. (2009) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.0148 · Cited by 31
Moderate-Dose Sedation and Analgesia During Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest
May, T., Seder, D. B., Fraser, G. L., Stone, P., McCrum, B., & Riker, R. R. (2014) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-014-9998-3 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine for prevention of emergence agitation in patients posted for nasal surgery under desflurane anaesthesia: A prospective double-blinded randomised controlled trial
Kamal, M., Garg, A., Mohammed, S., Singariya, G., Chouhan, D. S., & Biyani, G. (2018) · Indian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/ija.ija_788_17 · Cited by 30
Protocolized and Target-based Sedation and Analgesia in the ICU
Sessler, C. N., & Pedram, S. (2011) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2011.09.004 · Cited by 30
Efficacy Outcome Measures for Procedural Sedation Clinical Trials in Adults
Williams, M. R., McKeown, A., Dexter, F., Miner, J. R., Sessler, D. I., Vargo, J. J., Turk, D. C., & Dworkin, R. H. (2015) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000000934 · Cited by 30
Validation of the Ramsay scale for invasive procedures under deep sedation in pediatrics
Lozano‐Díaz, D., Serna, A. V., Palomo, R. G., Arias, Á., López, P. J. T., & Gutiérrez, A. M. (2021) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.14248 · Cited by 29
Propofol Associated with a Shorter Duration of Mechanical Ventilation than Scheduled Intermittent Lorazepam: A Database Analysis Using Project Impact
Fong, J. J., Kanji, S., Dasta, J. F., Garpestad, E., & Devlin, J. W. (2007) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1k296 · Cited by 29
Monitoring consciousness in intensive care medicine
Tonner, P. H., Paris, A., & Scholz, J. (2006) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.08.011 · Cited by 29
Bolus remifentanil for chest drain removal in ICU: a randomized double-blind comparison of three modes of analgesia in post-cardiac surgical patients
Casey, E., Lane, A., Kuriakose, D., McGeary, S., Hayes, N., Phelan, D. M. J., & Buggy, D. J. (2010) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1836-2 · Cited by 28
'Cooperative sedation': optimizing comfort while maximizing systemic and neurological function
Goodwin, H. E., Lewin, J. J., & Mirski, M. A. (2012) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11231 · Cited by 28
Physical restraint practices in an adult intensive care unit: A prospective observational study
Alostaz, Z., Rose, L., Mehta, S., Johnston, L. J., & Dale, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16264 · Cited by 28
Seeking the Light in Intensive Care Unit Sedation: The Optimal Sedation Strategy for Critically Ill Patients
Gitti, N., Renzi, S., Marchesi, M., Bertoni, M., Lobo, F. A., Rasulo, F. A., Goffi, A., Pozzi, M., & Piva, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.901343 · Cited by 32
Actigraphy: Analyzing patient movement
Grap, M. J., Hamilton, V. A., McNallen, A., Ketchum, J. M., Best, A. M., Arief, N. Y. I., & Wetzel, P. A. (2010) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.013 · Cited by 27
Risk Factors for Emergence Delirium in U.S. Military Members
McGuire, J. M., & Burkard, J. F. (2010) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2010.07.012 · Cited by 28
Measuring facial grimacing for quantifying patient agitation in critical care
Becouze, P., Hann, C. E., Chase, J. G., & Shaw, G. M. (2007) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2007.05.005 · Cited by 28
Experiences of intensive care nurses assessing sedation/agitation in critically ill patients
Weir, S., & O’Neill, A. (2008) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/j.1478-5153.2008.00282.x · Cited by 28
Assesment of correlation between bispectral index and four common sedation scales used in mechanically ventilated patients in ICU.
Yaman, F., Özcan, N., Özcan, A., Kaymak, Ç., & Başar, H. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 27
DEXMEDETOMIDINE FOR SEDATION DURING UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY
Hashiguchi, K., Matsunaga, H., Higuchi, H., & Miura, S. (2008) · Digestive Endoscopy · doi:10.1111/j.1443-1661.2008.00803.x · Cited by 27
La sédation–analgésie au quotidien : enquête de pratiques auprès de 218 services de réanimation en France
Constantin, J.-M., Chanques, G., Jonghe, B. D., Sanchez, P., Mantz, J., Payen, J., Sztark, F., Richebé, P., Lagneau, F., Capdevila, X., et al. (2010) · Annales Françaises d Anesthésie et de Réanimation · doi:10.1016/j.annfar.2010.01.014 · Cited by 27
Modeling and control of the agitation–sedation cycle for critical care patients
Chase, J. G., Rudge, A. D., Shaw, G. M., Wake, G. C., Lee, D., Hudson, I. L., & Johnston, L. C. (2004) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2004.02.001 · Cited by 27
Extending the ABCDE Bundle to the Post-Intensive Care Unit Setting
Balas, M. C., Buckingham, R. B., Braley, T., Saldi, S., & Vasilevskis, E. E. (2013) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20130530-06 · Cited by 27
Intensive care: problems of over- and undersedation
Ramsay, M. A. E. (2000) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1053/bean.2000.0097 · Cited by 27
Design of Clinical Trials Evaluating Sedation in Critically Ill Adults Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation: Recommendations From Sedation Consortium on Endpoints and Procedures for Treatment, Education, and Research (SCEPTER) Recommendation III
Ward, D. S., Absalom, A. R., Aitken, L. M., Balas, M. C., Brown, D. L., Burry, L. D., Colantuoni, E., Coursin, D. B., Devlin, J. W., Dexter, F., et al. (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005049 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Supportive Care of Patients on Mechanical Ventilation
Urner, M., Ferreyro, B. L., Douflé, G., & Mehta, S. (2018) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.06651 · Cited by 26
Risk Factors for Emergence Agitation in Adults Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lung Surgery: A Case-Control Study of 1,950 Patients
Kang, X., Lin, K., Tang, H., Tang, X., Bao, F., Gan, S., & Zhu, S. (2020) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2020.02.046 · Cited by 26
Effects of dexamethasone on catheter-related bladder discomfort and emergence agitation: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Cho, S., Huh, I., Lee, S., Sung, T., Ku, G. W., Cho, C., & Jee, Y. S. (2021) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kja.21284 · Cited by 26
The Course of Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury: Relation with Outcome and CT-characteristics
Bremmer, R., de Jong, B. M., Wagemakers, M., Regtien, J. G., & van der Naalt, J. (2010) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-009-9329-2 · Cited by 26
Comparison of the effect of protocol‐directed sedation with propofol vs. midazolam by nurses in intensive care: efficacy, haemodynamic stability and patient satisfaction
Liou, H., Chun-Che, S., Tang, J.-J., Shau-Ting, L., & Hsing‐I, C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02128.x · Cited by 26
Effects of tramadol on emergence agitation after general anesthesia for nasal surgery
Lee, S., Choi, S. J., In, C.-B., & Sung, T. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000014763 · Cited by 26
Reliable Assessment of Sedation Level in Routine Clinical Practice by Adding an Instruction to the Ramsay Scale
van Dishoeck, A., van der Hooft, T., Simoons, M. L., van der Ent, M., & Reimer, W. J. M. S. O. (2008) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2008.10.004 · Cited by 26
Detection, prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients
Bray, K. (2007) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/j.1478-5153.2006.00203_3.x · Cited by 25
Role of analgesics, sedatives, neuromuscular blockers, and delirium
Hall, J. B., Schweickert, W. D., & Kress, J. P. (2009) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181b6f95b · Cited by 25
Reliability of the Sedation-Agitation Scale between nurses and doctors
Ryder-Lewis, M., & Nelson, K. (2008) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2007.11.004 · Cited by 25
Care of the Intubated Emergency Department Patient
Wood, S. L., & Winters, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.02.021 · Cited by 25
Interprofessional Implementation of a Pain/Sedation Guideline on a Trauma Intensive Care Unit
Sacco, T. L., & LaRiccia, B. (2016) · Journal of Trauma Nursing · doi:10.1097/jtn.0000000000000205 · Cited by 25
The correlation among the Ramsay sedation scale, Richmond agitation sedation scale and Riker sedation agitation scale during midazolam-remifentanil sedation
Turgut, N., Serap, K., Tekin, E. A., Özgül, O., Can, Ö. A., Ak, A., & Achmet, A. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2016.07.002 · Cited by 25
Sedation and Analgesia in Critically Ill Neurologic Patients
Makii, J. M., Mirski, M. A., & Lewin, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190010372339 · Cited by 25
Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients
Ely, E. W., Thomason, J. W. W., Wheeler, A. P., Gordon, S. M., Francis, J., Speroff, T., Gautam, S., Margolin, R. A., Sessler, C. N., Dittus, R. S., et al. (2007) · Cited by 24
What Is Safe Sedation in the ICU?
Coursin, D. B., & Skrobik, Y. K. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme1906522 · Cited by 25
Optimizing Sustained Use of Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Focus on Safety
Arnold, H. M., Hollands, J. M., Skrupky, L. P., & Micek, S. T. (2009) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488610789869102 · Cited by 25
Complications of Sedation in Critical Illness
Foster, J. (2016) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnc.2016.02.003 · Cited by 27
Use of the critical-care pain observation tool and the bispectral index for the detection of pain in brain-injured patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
Shan, K., Cao, W., Yuan, Y., Hao, J., Sun, X.-M., He, X. M., Li, G., Wang, Y., & Zhou, J. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000010985 · Cited by 24
Management of critically ill patients receiving noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation in the emergency department
Rose, L. (2012) · Open Access Emergency Medicine · doi:10.2147/oaem.s25048 · Cited by 24
Improving Alcohol Withdrawal Outcomes in Acute Care
Melson, J., Kane, M., Mooney, R., McWilliams, J. R., & Horton, T. L. (2014) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/13-099 · Cited by 24
Delirium and use of sedation agents in intensive care
Bourne, R. S. (2008) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/j.1478-5153.2008.00278.x · Cited by 23
External Validation of Two Models to Predict Delirium in Critically Ill Adults Using Either the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU or the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist for Delirium Assessment
Wassenaar, A., Schoonhoven, L., Devlin, J. W., van Haren, F. M. P., Slooter, A. J. C., Jorens, P. G., van der Jagt, M., Simons, K. S., Egerod, I., Burry, L. D., et al. (2019) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000003911 · Cited by 24
Validating a pain assessment tool in heterogeneous ICU patients: Is it possible?
Emsden, C., Schäfer, U. B., Denhaerynck, K., Grossmann, F. F., Frei, I. A., & Kirsch, M. (2019) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12469 · Cited by 24
The Limited Reliability of the Ramsay Scale
Olson, D. M., Lynn, M., Thoyre, S. M., & Graffagnino, C. (2007) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-007-0069-x · Cited by 24
Ventilation distribution during spontaneous breathing trials predicts liberation from mechanical ventilation: the VISION study
Phoophiboon, V., Rodrigues, A., Vieira, F. N., Ko, M., Madotto, F., Schreiber, A. F., Sun, N., Sousa, M. L. D. A., Docci, M., Brault, C., et al. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-024-05243-0 · Cited by 24
Psychometric Analysis of Behavioral Pain Scale Brazilian Version in Sedated and Mechanically Ventilated Adult Patients: A Preliminary Study
Azevedo‐Santos, I. F., Alves, I. G. N., Badauê‐Passos, D., Santana‐Filho, V. J., & DeSantana, J. M. (2015) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12287 · Cited by 23
Postoperative delirium risk in patients with hyperlipidemia: A prospective cohort study
Zhao, Y., Zhong, K., Zheng, Y., Xia, X., Lin, X., Kowark, A., Wang, X., Zhang, D., & Duan, X. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111573 · Cited by 23
Agitation and/or aggression after traumatic brain injury in the pediatric population treated with ziprasidone
Scott, L. K., Green, R., McCarthy, P. J., & Conrad, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2009.2.peds08292 · Cited by 23
Validation of a Consciousness Level Scale for Palliative Care
Gonçalves, F., Bento, M. J., Alvarenga, M., Costa, I., & Costa, L. D. (2008) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216308094104 · Cited by 23
Daily Interruption of Continuous Sedation
Wittbrodt, E. T. (2005) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.5_part_2.3s · Cited by 23
Perspectives on Sedation Assessment in Critical Care
Olson, D. M., Thoyre, S. M., & Auyong, D. B. (2007) · AACN Advanced Critical Care · doi:10.1097/01.aacn.0000298630.53276.be · Cited by 23
The validity, reliability, responsiveness and applicability of observation sedation-scoring instruments for use with adult patients in the emergency department: A systematic literature review
Varndell, W., Elliott, D., & Fry, M. (2014) · Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2014.07.001 · Cited by 23
Atorvastatin-Induced Diaphragmatic Muscle Impairment
Sulem, P., Bagheri, H., Faixo, Y., & Montastruc, J. L. (2001) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.10366 · Cited by 21
Continuous deep sedation versus minimal sedation after cardiac arrest and resuscitation ( SED ‐ CARE ): A protocol for a randomized clinical trial
Ceric, A., Dankiewicz, J., Hästbacka, J., Young, P. J., Niemelä, V. H., Bass, F. E., Skrifvars, M. B., Hammond, N. E., Saxena, M. K., Levin, H., et al. (2025) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.70022 · Cited by 21
Postoperative delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Dexmedetomidine infusion alone or with the addition of oral melatonin
Mahrose, R. A., ElSerwi, H. B. E., Said, A. M., & Elsersi, M. H. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1080/11101849.2021.1885956 · Cited by 22
Progress of Brain Network Studies on Anesthesia and Consciousness: Framework and Clinical Applications
Liu, J., Dong, K., Sun, Y. M., Kakkos, I., Huang, F., Wang, G., Qi, P., Chen, X., Zhang, D., Bezerianos, A., et al. (2021) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2021.11.013 · Cited by 23
Emergency Neurological Life Support: Airway, Ventilation, and Sedation
Seder, D. B., Jagoda, A. S., & Riggs, B. J. (2015) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-015-0164-3 · Cited by 22
Comparison of recovery profiles between total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or remimazolam reversed with flumazenil in patients undergoing breast surgery
Lee, J., Kim, D. H., Ju, J., Nam, K., Cho, Y., Jeon, Y., & Lee, S. (2024) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000001951 · Cited by 12
Relative Reliability of the Auditory Evoked Potential and Bispectral Index for Monitoring Sedation Level in Surgical Intensive Care Patients
Lu, C.-H., Ou-Yang, H.-Y., Man, K., Hsiao, P.-C., Ho, S., Wong, C., & Liaw, W. (2008) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x0803600409 · Cited by 22
Sedation in Critically Ill Patients
Oldham, C. M., & Pisani, M. A. (2015) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2015.03.010 · Cited by 22
The Role of the Pharmacist in the Intensive Care Unit
Jurado, L. V., & Steelman, J. (2013) · Critical Care Nursing Quarterly · doi:10.1097/cnq.0b013e3182a11057 · Cited by 22
Pain, Agitation, and Delirium Guidelines: Nurses’ Involvement in Development and Implementation
Davidson, J. E., Winkelman, C., Gélinas, C., & Dermenchyan, A. (2015) · Critical Care Nurse · doi:10.4037/ccn2015824 · Cited by 22
Patient quality of recovery on the day of surgery after propofol total intravenous anesthesia for vitrectomy
Na, S. H., Jeong, K. H., Eum, D., Park, J. H., & Kim, M. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012699 · Cited by 22
Different depths of sedation versus risk of delirium in adult mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Long, L., Ren, S., Gong, Y., Zhao, H., He, C., Shen, L., Zhao, H., & Ma, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236014 · Cited by 26
Patient Predictors of Dexmedetomidine Effectiveness for Sedation in Intensive Care Units
Smithburger, P. L., Smith, R. B., Kane‐Gill, S. L., & Empey, P. E. (2014) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2014678 · Cited by 22
Rethinking Sedation and Agitation Management in Critical Illness
Shaw, G. M., Chase, J. G., Rudge, A. D., Starfinger, C., Lam, Z., Lee, D., Wake, G. C., Greenfield, K., & Dove, R. (2003) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)00884-0 · Cited by 22
A novel method to assess data quality in large medical registries and databases
Perren, A., Cerutti, B., Kaufmann, M., Rothen, H. U., & Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine (2018) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzy249 · Cited by 21
Intrinsic phase–amplitude coupling on multiple spatial scales during the loss and recovery of consciousness
Dong, K., Zhang, D., Wei, Q., Wang, G., Huang, F., Chen, X., Muhammad, K. G., Sun, Y., & Liu, J. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105687 · Cited by 22
Emergence delirium: a narrative review
Viswanath, O., Kerner, B., Jean, Y.-K., Soto, R. G., & Rosen, G. (2015) · journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Science · doi:10.7243/2049-9752-4-2 · Cited by 21
Electrical activity of the diaphragm during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in pediatric patients
Kallio, M., Peltoniemi, O. M., Anttila, E., Jounio, U., Pokka, T. M.-L., & Kontiokari, T. (2014) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.23084 · Cited by 21
Assessment of the reliability and validity of the Comfort Scale for adult intensive care patients
Ashkenazy, S., & Ganz, F. D. (2010) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.011 · Cited by 21
Nursing Interventions to Prevent Delirium in Critically Ill Patients in the Intensive Care Unit during the COVID19 Pandemic—Narrative Overview
Ozga, D., Krupa, S., Witt, P., & Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, W. A. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8040578 · Cited by 23
Illustrating idiographic methods for translation research: moderation effects, natural clinical experiments, and complex treatment-by-subgroup interactions
Ridenour, T., Wittenborn, A. K., Raiff, B., Benedict, N. J., & Kane-Gill, S. (2016) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0357-5 · Cited by 20
The Impact of Bispectral Index Monitoring on Rates of Propofol Administration
Olson, D. M., Cheek, D. J., & Morgenlander, J. C. (2004) · AACN Clinical Issues Advanced Practice in Acute & Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00044067-200401000-00005 · Cited by 21
Sedation monitoring in ICU
Rinaldi, S., Consales, G., & Gaudio, A. R. D. (2006) · Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.cacc.2006.06.002 · Cited by 20
Delirium and sedation
Kress, J. P., & Hall, J. B. (2004) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2004.03.011 · Cited by 20
A Symptom-Triggered Benzodiazepine Protocol Utilizing SAS and CIWA-Ar Scoring for the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in the Critically Ill
Sen, S., Grgurich, P. E., Tulolo, A., Smith-Freedman, A., Lei, Y., Gray, A. W., & Dargin, J. (2016) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028016672036 · Cited by 20
Comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients guided by bispectral index and sedation-agitation scale
Kumar, V., Tripathi, M., Kalashetty, M., Malviya, D., Bais, P., & Sanjeev, O. P. (2017) · Anesthesia Essays and Researches · doi:10.4103/aer.aer_48_17 · Cited by 20
Randomized comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for prevention of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries
Kurhekar, P., Vinod, K., Rajarathinam, B., Krishna, J. D., & Sethuraman, R. M. (2018) · Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/sja.sja_419_17 · Cited by 20

Authors: Riker, R. R., Picard, J. T., & Fraser, G. L.
Affiliations: Maine Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Riker, Richard R.
Fraser, Gilles L.
Venue: Critical Care Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1999-07
Volume: 27
Issue: 7
Pages: 1325-1329
ISSN: 0090-3493 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199907000-00022
OpenAlex: W2083091419
Cited by: 961
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 13.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Family and Patient Care in Intensive Care Units
Keywords: Sedation-Agitation Scale, sedation assessment, agitation assessment, intensive care unit patients, inter-rater reliability, construct validity, scale validation
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Intensive Care Units, Intubation, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Assessment, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Psychomotor Agitation, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks