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The Process of Maternal Role Attainment over the First Year
Abstract
A study of the process of maternal role attainment in three age groups (15 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, and 30 to 42 years) over the first year of motherhood found that the role attainment behaviors of feelings of love for the baby, gratification in the maternal role, observed maternal behavior, and self-reported ways of handling irritating child behaviors did not show a positive linear increase over the year. Behaviors peaked at 4 months postbirth, but declined at 8 months. Interview data suggested that the challenges of the infant's developmental behaviors at 8 and 12 months contributed to feelings of role incompetency. Although age groups functioned at different levels, their patterns of behaviors over the year did not vary, except for gratification in the role, indicating that the maternal role presented similar challenges for all women. There were no significant differences by maternal age in role strain or self-image as a mother over the year.
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“parents typically find themselves highly motivated to take care of their infants’ needs and also find the interactions with infants rewarding (2,3).”
From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, negative feelings about parenting may be linked to the parents’ difficulties in developing emotional bonds with their infants (Mercer, 1985; Nystrom and Ohrling, 2004) although the nature and direction of this link needs clarification.”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Mercer, 1985
In the citing paper
“These positive interactions further help mothers to strengthen their attachment and heighten the experience of positive feelings toward their infants (Mercer, 1985).”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Mercer, 1985
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“형성되는 모아 애착 구축을 통해 개시 (maternal attachment) 되며 모성 정체성 통합과 상호 의존성을 , (maternal identity) 띄며 조화를 이룬다 영아와 어머니 간의 첫 사회적 관계 [19].”
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“Mastery in the maternal role for first-time mothers includes capabilities to care for infants, attachment to infants, and maternal role satisfaction (Mercer, 1985, 1986b, 1995).”
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“Scholars later re-conceptualized MRA as an iterative process of “becoming a mother” (Mercer, 1985) that begins before pregnancy and culminates when life-as-a-mother unfolds during various phases of child development (Mercer, 2004; Tarkka, 2003).”
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BackgroundMaternal identity formation in a military sample: a longitudinal perspective
Weis, K. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/xdth-gz66 · Cited by 10
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“Maternal competency fosters the development of maternal identity that in turn promotes maternal role attainment (Mercer, 1985) and can be defined as perceptions CONTACT Debra Beach Copeland copeland@loyno.edu Loyola University, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, Campus Box 45, New Orleans, LA. 70118.”
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“Mothering was defined as the role, processes, and set of behaviors that evolve over time in response to maternal experiences and are associated with nurturing and caretaking behaviors in the context of the mother-infant/child relationship (Grace, 1993; Mercer, 1985; Nelms, 2000; Pridham & Chang, 1992; Zabielski, 1994).”
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Parental brain and socioeconomic epigenetic effects in human development
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“In addition, early research has shown that motherinfant interaction is enhanced as a mother uses en-face positioning, relaxes her posture, establishes eye contact, holds her newborn close to her own body, touches, and vocalizes to her baby (Mercer, 1985; Rubin, 1977).”
BackgroundMcVeigh, C. A. (1995) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 7
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“Mercer (1985)는 어머니가 자녀를 양육하며 경험하는 가장 빈번한 스 트레스로 어머니 역할에 대한 자신감 부족, 아기의 간호와 수 면부족, 책임감, 개인시간의 부족 등을 제시했다.”
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“If a woman feels comfortable with her identity as a mother, she can achieve maternal self‐ efficacy and competence in the maternal role (Mercer, 1985).”
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“면화하는 과정을 통해 모성정체성이 발달한다는 점을 고려하 면[1,5], Ozkan과 Polat [13]의 연구와 본 연구에서 제공된 모 성정체성과 모아애착 형성에 대한 교육이 모성정체성 발달에”
Exploring Paradigms in Postpartum Depression Research: The Need for Feminist Pragmatism
Mollard, E. K. (2014) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2014.903951 · Cited by 5
“Mercer (1985) identified maternal role attainment as the stages that a woman progresses through toward finding joy and satisfaction in motherhood or the “maternal role.””
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“…Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology responsibilities, the need to attain a maternal identity (Koniak-Griffin, 1993; Mercer, 1985) and relationship challenges with one’s partner, one’s family and new child, but also biological stressors such as reduced and…”
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Parenting and Adult Development
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“Nurses’ interest has historically attended to the importance of parenting (especially mothering; Mercer, 1985, 1995; Rubin, 1967) and understanding how early relationships with caregivers shape developmental outcomes for better or worse (Barnard et al., 1988; Oxford & Finlay, 2013).”
BackgroundA concept analysis of maternal role in pregnant adolescent
Erika, E. (2019) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2018.11.008 · Cited by 3
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The development of a maternal caregiving system: Based on changes in the attachment
武田, 江., & Kobayashi, Y. (2013) · Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery · doi:10.3418/jjam.27.237 · Cited by 3
“It is said that at 4 months postpartum maternal attachment peaks (Mercer, 1985) and a woman gains maternal confidence (Suzuki & Kobayashi, 2009), so this period can be considered a time when development as a caregiver advances.”
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“Previous research suggests that an integrated approach to studying motherhood transitions, encompassing antenatal, birth, and postnatal phases, can provide a more nuanced understanding of the dynamic processes involved [4].”
Tanigo, T., Endo, M., & Ohashi, K. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11121460 · Cited by 2
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“Since Mercer (1985) has established that mothers should function competently and comfortably in the maternal role by 12 months postpartum, videotapes of maternal infant interaction at 12 months postpartum were used for data analysis.”
MethodGiving voice to adolescent mothers’ challenges
Skowron, A., Clark, C. T., Sadovsky, N., et al. (2013) · Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.4236/ojog.2013.39a004 · Cited by 2
“During the first year postpartum, Mercer [20] found that women aged 15 - 19 years experienced more feelings of responsibility and “loss of freedom” as compared to adults.”
BackgroundResultThe lived experience of mothering after prison
Hayes, M. O. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/01263942-200806000-00003 · Cited by 2
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A Biopsychosocial Approach to Persistent Postpartum Pain and Postpartum Sexual Function
Cappell, J. (2014) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 2
Rezvushkina, T. A., & Karaseva, N. V. (2022) · Bulletin of the Karaganda university History Philosophy series · doi:10.31489/2022hph2/272-282 · Cited by 1
Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Being a Mother scale
Riera-Martín, A., Oliver-Roig, A., Cormenzana, S., Richart-Martínez, M., & Martínez-Pampliega, A. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18015 · Cited by 1
Fouquier, K. F. (2009) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1350320 · Cited by 1
DelGrande, A. L. (2015) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico) · Cited by 1
Logsdon, M. C. (2009) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646830903247191 · Cited by 1
“Maternal role functioning in adolescents (n = 66) has been compared to adults (n = 228) (Mercer, 1985).”
BackgroundResultChild age dependent predictors of South Korean mothers’ psychological distress
Kim, G., Yi, Y., & Jahng, K. E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01446-8 · Cited by 1
“Also, parenting stress is associated with marital conflict and marital satisfaction (Cowan & Cowan, 2000; Mercer, 1985).”
BackgroundMason, M. (2015) · Journal of Health Visiting · doi:10.12968/johv.2015.3.8.432 · Cited by 1
AMC/PGMI/LGH, L., Zubair, F., Khan, M. I., et al. (2021) · The Professional Medical Journal · doi:10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.07.5844 · Cited by 1
Standardized postpartum depression screening and treatment
Kalina, E. J. (2015) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- MERCER, R. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- MERCER, RAMONA T.
- Venue
- Nursing Research
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 198???203
- ISSN
- 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029812512
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (MC-R-060435)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- maternal role attainment, maternal age, maternal behavior, infant irritability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Maternal Age, Maternal Behavior, Middle Aged, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Role, Self Concept, Time Factors, Pregnancy, High-Risk
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