Endoligamentous Revascularization of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft

Abstract

After replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with a free tendon graft, the substitute initially is avascular and without a synovial surface. To ensure long-term survival, the graft must become revascularized. Despite numerous studies on the topic, there still is discussion regarding revascularization. The goal of the current study was to investigate the endoligamentous microcapillary revascularization of the free tendon graft after anterior cruciate ligament replacement with time. Thirty-six mature sheep had an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an ipsilateral flexor tendon split graft. Midsubstance tissue samples were immunostained for von Willebrand factor (Factor VIII) at 6, 9, 12, 24, 52, and 104 weeks to detect the endothelial cells of capillaries. Cross sections of vessels were determined in three zones (subsynovial, intermediate, and center of the graft) and were evaluated by means of histomorphometry using a digital imaging analysis system. The observations showed that capillary vessels, which originate from the synovial envelope, invaded the avascular graft tissue from the surface toward the center zone. The highest level of vascular density was found after 6 weeks, reaching the vascular status of the native anterior cruciate ligament after 24 weeks. These findings are in contrast to the findings of previous studies in animals. The current study showed, for the first time, the kinetics of an endoligamentous revascularization of a free tendon graft at the capillary level. In the current model, the process of revascularization terminated earlier than previously described.