The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 19 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Abscesses and chronic wounds are common among injection drug users (IDUs) though chronic wounds have been understudied. We assessed the risk factors associated with both acute and chronic wounds within a community-based population of IDUs frequenting the Baltimore City Needle Exchange Program (BNEP). METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of BNEP clients aged 18 years or more who completed an in-person survey regarding active or prior wounds including abscesses (duration <8 weeks) and chronic wounds (duration ≥8 weeks), injection practices, and skin care. Factors associated with wounds were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS: Of the 152 participants, 63.2% were men, 49.3% were white, 44.7% were African American, 34.9% had any type of current wound, 17.8% had an active abscess, and 19.7% had a current chronic wound. Abscesses were more common in women (odds ratio [OR], 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-5.97) and those reporting skin-popping (OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 1.85-15.67). In a multivariate model, risk factors for an abscess included injecting with a family member/partner (adjusted OR [AOR], 4.06; 95% CI, 0.99-16.58). In a multivariable analysis of current chronic wounds, cleaning skin with alcohol before injection was protective (AOR, 0.061; 95% CI, 0.0064-0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Abscesses and chronic wounds were prevalent among a sample of IDUs in Baltimore. Abscesses were associated with injection practices, and chronic wounds seemed linked to varying skin and tool cleaning practices. There is a pressing need for wound-related education and treatment efforts among IDUs who are at greatest risk for skin-related morbidity.
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TL;DR
In a cross-sectional survey of 152 Baltimore needle-exchange clients, 34.9% had a current wound, 17.8% had an active abscess, and 19.7% had a current chronic wound. Abscesses were linked to injection practices such as skin-popping, kicking, and injecting with a family member/partner, while chronic wounds were associated with longer injection history and certain skin/needle-cleaning behaviors.
Key findings
- Current wound prevalence was 34.9%; active abscesses 17.8% (n=27) and current chronic wounds 19.7% (n=30). Lifetime wound-related skin disease burden was 75.0% (114/152).
- Current abscess on univariate analysis was associated with female gender (OR 2.56; 95% CI 1.10–5.97), skin-popping (OR 5.38; 95% CI 1.85–15.67), injecting with a family member/partner (OR 3.78; 95% CI 1.38–10.31), and kicking occasionally (OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.02–9.37). In multivariable analysis, injecting with a family member/partner (AOR 4.06; 95% CI 0.99–16.58) and kicking occasionally (AOR 4.88; 95% CI 1.09–21.90) remained associated.
- Current chronic wound in multivariable analysis was protective when cleaning skin with water (AOR 0.018; 95% CI 0.00054–0.60) or alcohol (AOR 0.061; 95% CI 0.0064–0.58) before injection; associated factors included Native American identity (AOR 128.1; 95% CI 1.86–8800.41), injection history ≥15 years (AOR 76.2; 95% CI 1.55–3753.56), and cleaning needles with bleach/bleach-water vs water only (AOR 17.9; 95% CI 2.14–149.95).
- Among women, reusing needles 5–7 times was associated with 18.0-fold greater odds of current abscess vs never reusing (95% CI 1.37–235.69); skin-popping among women was associated with current abscess (OR 8.22; 95% CI 1.72–39.35).
Methods
- Cross-sectional study of Baltimore City Needle Exchange Program (BNEP) clients aged ≥18 years, regardless of wound status, recruited May 2012–November 2013 at five exchange sites (most from Sites A and B). Participants completed an in-person paper survey (~20 minutes) on demographics, injection behaviors, pre-injection skin care, wound history/care, and medical history; current abscesses and wounds were visually verified by study staff.
- Wound definitions: chronic wounds were open, non-healing skin areas present ≥8 weeks; abscesses were swollen, red, painful lumps under the skin lasting <8 weeks.
- Analysis used Stata 12 with χ2, univariate, multivariable, and multinomial logistic regression; p≤0.05 was significant, covariates with p≤0.15 on univariate testing entered multivariable models, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that the survey was primarily conducted in the morning and early afternoons, potentially excluding more nocturnal clients; participants were active BNEP members and may differ from IDUs not accessing harm reduction services; the survey-based design produced associations requiring further study; and data relied on self-report.
- Evident from the text: the cross-sectional design cannot establish temporality or causality between injection/skin-care behaviors and wound outcomes.
- Evident from the text: some subgroup estimates are imprecise with very wide confidence intervals (e.g., Native American identity AOR 128.1, 95% CI 1.86–8800.41; injection history ≥15 years AOR 76.2, 95% CI 1.55–3753.56), and multiple comparisons were performed without stated adjustment.
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Claims the paper makes
34 Own result · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Own method · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Sources not found · 2 Check pending · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“injecting into the leg (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.34–7.30)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“17.8% had an active abscess”
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
“Current abscesses were reported by 17.8% of participants (n=27).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plainn = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“skin-popping (OR, 4.04; 95% CI, 1.12–14.59) at the univariate level.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cleaning needles with bleach or bleach/water combination before reuse, compared to cleaning needles with water only (OR, 4.44; 95% CI, 1.36–14.51)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those reporting skin-popping (OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 1.85–15.67)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“skin-popping (OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 1.85–15.67)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“34.9% had any type of current wound”
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
“The prevalence of any active wound at the time of the interview, including abscesses and chronic wounds, was 34.9%, as seen in Table 2.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“IDU participants in the BNEP harm reduction program have a high prevalence of current wounds (34.9%).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plainn = 152- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of clients without a current chronic wound (n=122), 19.7% reported having had a chronic wound in the past.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds
plainn = 122- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the clients without a current abscess (n=125), more than half reported having at least one abscess anytime in the past.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds
plainn = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using filters appeared to be protective against having a current chronic wound (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.024–0.94).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“identifying as Native American (AOR, 128.1; 95% CI, 1.86–8800.41)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caucasian women were at increased risk of having a current abscess (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.16–10.64)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With Female Gender and Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“kicking occasionally (AOR, 4.88; 95% CI, 1.09–21.90) remained associated with having a current abscess.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a multivariate model, risk factors for an abscess included injecting with a family member/partner (AOR, 4.06; 95% CI, 0.99–16.58).”
- Also stated in: § Factors Associated with a Current Abscess · plain
“injecting with a family member or a partner (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.06; 95% CI, 0.99–16.58)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 152 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Factors Associated with a Current Abscess · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women who reported skin-popping had greater risk for a current abscess (OR 8.22, 95% CI 1.72–39.35) compared to women who denied skin-popping.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With Female Gender and Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“protective factors included cleaning skin with soap occasionally compared to never cleaning with soap before injection (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.099–0.67).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skin-popping remained significant in the multivariable model (AOR, 7.04; 95% CI, 1.15–43.11).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to those who primarily visited BNEP Site A, those frequenting Site B were more likely to have an abscess history (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.12–5.63).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“injecting with a family member or partner compared to injecting alone (OR, 3.78; 95% CI, 1.38–10.31)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abscesses were more common in women (odds ratio [OR], 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–5.97)”
- Also stated in: § Factors Associated with a Current Abscess · plain
“factors associated with a current abscess on univariate analysis included being female (Odds ratio (OR), 2.56; 95% Confidence interval (CI), 1.10–5.97)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 152 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Factors Associated with a Current Abscess · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a history of prior chronic wounds was associated with sharing filters (OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.53–10.16)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to women who had injected for ≥15 years, less experienced female IDUs (injecting 9–14 years), had a 6.67 greater odds of presenting with a current abscess (95% CI 1.18–37.78).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With Female Gender and Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cleaning needles with bleach or bleach/water combination compared to water only at time of reuse (AOR 17.9; 95% CI, 2.14–149.95).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to other studies, speedballing was not correlated with a current abscess or abscess history.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“injecting into the neck (OR, 6.62; 95% CI, 1.44–30.55)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a history of at least one abscess was associated on univariate analysis with Caucasians compared to African Americans (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.37–6.18)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With a History of Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“having an injection history ≥15 years (AOR, 76.2; 95% CI, 1.55–3753.56)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cleaning the skin with either water (AOR, 0.018; 95% CI 0.00054–0.60) or alcohol (AOR, 0.061; 95% CI, 0.0064–0.58) before injection reduced the odds of having a chronic wound”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“had similar risk for a history of abscesses (OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.27–9.86).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With Female Gender and Current Abscess
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“19.7% had a current chronic wound”
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
“Current chronic wounds were reported by 19.7% of participants (n=30).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“kicking occasionally (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.02–9.37)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reusing needles 5–7 times was associated with an 18.0–fold greater odds of having an abscess at evaluation compared to never reusing needles (95% CI 1.37–235.69).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With Female Gender and Current Abscess
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cleaning skin with alcohol prior to injection was protective (AOR, 0.061; 95% CI, 0.0064–0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound · plain
“cleaning the skin with either water (AOR, 0.018; 95% CI 0.00054–0.60) or alcohol (AOR, 0.061; 95% CI, 0.0064–0.58) before injection reduced the odds of having a chronic wound”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaindirectn = 152- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“identifying as Native American compared to African American (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 1.03–109.45)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated with a Current Chronic Wound
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although other socio-behavioral factors may explain women’s greater risk for abscesses, the covariates we measured were not significant by χ2 analysis.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Factors Associated With Female Gender and Current Abscess
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without double counting individuals who had both current and past wounds, the wound-related skin disease burden in our population was 75.0% (n/N=114/152).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds
plainn = 114- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abscesses were associated with injection practices”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Vaso-constricting drugs, such as cocaine, injected either alone or in combination with heroin (i.e. speedballing) may induce vasospasm and thrombosis, leading to tissue necrosis (Ebright & Pieper, 2002; Hope et al., 2010; Murphy et al., 2001; Phillips & Stein, 2010; Spijkerman et al., 1996).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these potential limitations, we report for the first time risk factors for both acute and chronic wounds in a mobile metropolitan needle exchange program in Baltimore City.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Chronic wounds, and acute and chronic wounds jointly, have been understudied in IDU populations.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Other possible risk factors for abscesses include skin-popping, defined as direct subcutaneous injection, and kicking (also known as booting or jacking), defined as injecting the drug into the vein, pulling blood into the syringe and then injecting it back into the vein (Binswanger, Kral, Bluthenthal, Rybold, & Edlin, 2000; Ebright & Pieper, 2002; Murphy et al., 2001; Phillips & Stein, 2010).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“chronic wounds appeared linked to varying skin and tool cleaning practices.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Injection-related wounds, including abscesses and chronic wounds are significant causes of morbidity for injection drug users (IDUs) (Ebright & Pieper, 2002; Palfreyman et al., 2007).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abscesses and chronic wounds are highly prevalent in the IDU community.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Injection-related wounds, which are generally perceived as low-acuity conditions, may be markers for greater addiction-related disease severity and poorer overall health status among IDUs.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Vein injury occurs through scarring, non-sterile injection, and direct toxic effects of the drug and can lead to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which increases the risk for chronic lower extremity ulcers (Pieper & Templin, 2001; Pieper, Kirsner, Templin, & Birk, 2007).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These statistics were representative of the overall BNEP client population.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Demographics and Injection Behaviors
plainn = 152- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study offers insight into behavioral, environmental and biological risk factors associated with these wound types, which can help guide intervention efforts.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Prior studies have suggested that women are at increased risk for developing abscesses (Ebright & Pieper, 2002; Fink, Lindsay, Slymen, Kral, & Bluthenthal, 2013; Hope, Marongiu, Parry, & Ncube, 2010; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2005; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2008; Spijkerman, van Ameijden, Mientjes, Coutinho, & van den Hoek, 1996)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prior study has shown that IDUs treated for SSTIs in EDs faced a higher risk for future hospitalization and death (Binswanger et al., 2008).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Binswanger et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Wounds can also lead to more severe SSTIs, including gangrene and sepsis, potentially resulting in amputation or death (Callahan, Schecter, & Horn, 1998).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Callahan, Schecter, & Horn, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The chronic pain, reduced mobility, malodor and stigma can marginalize these individuals and may make it difficult to maintain financial security and social support (Palfreyman et al., 2007; Pieper et al., 2007; Pieper, Templin, Goldberg, DiNardo, & Wells, 2013; Pieper, Templin, & Ebright, 2006).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), including cellulitis and abscesses, are the primary reason that IDUs present to emergency departments (EDs) (Palepu et al., 2001).”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Palepu et al., 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were active members of the BNEP, and therefore they may report different injection and skin care practices than IDUs not accessing community-based harm reduction services and education.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The survey was primarily conducted in the morning and early afternoons, potentially excluding more nocturnal clients.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the survey relied upon self-reported data.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study team members visually verified the presence of current abscesses and wounds at the time of the survey.”
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
“Current wounds were self-reported and then visually verified by study staff at the time of the survey.”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > METHODS > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Prevalence of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
Chronic wounds, and acute and chronic wounds jointly, have been understudied in IDU populations.
“though chronic wounds have been understudied”
“The prevalence of and risk factors for chronic ulcers in the IDU population has not been well studied or evaluated concurrently with risk factors for abscesses in this population.”
“Chronic wounds in IDUs in particular have been understudied.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“39/149 shared filters (26.7%)”
§ High Rates of Abscesses and Chronic Wounds in Community-Recruited Injection Drug Users and Associated Risk Factors > RESULTS > Demographics and Injection Behaviors
Reported 26.7 · recomputed 26.174497
Citations
Cites
Evans, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jurban/jtg137 · Cited by 320
Binswanger, I. A., Kral, A. H., Bluthenthal, R. N., Rybold, D. J., & Edlin, B. R. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313703 · Cited by 300
Hospital utilization and costs in a cohort of injection drug users.
(2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 263
Risk Factors for Skin and Soft‐Tissue Abscesses among Injection Drug Users: A Case‐Control Study
Murphy, E. L., DeVita, D., Liu, H., Vittinghoff, E., Leung, P., Ciccarone, D. H., & Edlin, B. R. (2001) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/320879 · Cited by 262
Bourgois, P. I., Martinez, A. N., Kral, A. H., Edlin, B. R., Schonberg, J., & Ciccarone, D. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030452 · Cited by 177
Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users.
Ebright, J. R., & Pieper, B. (2002) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(02)00017-x · Cited by 164
Spijkerman, I. J. B., van Ameijden, E. J. C., Mientjes, G. H. C., Coutinho, R. A., & van den Hoek, A. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(96)00180-1 · Cited by 137 · cited 5×
“Abscesses were associated with female sex (Spijkerman et al., 1996; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2005; Hope et al., 2010; Fink et al., 2013), kicking (Murphy et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLloyd-Smith, E., Wood, E., Zhang, R., Tyndall, M. W., Montaner, J. S., & Kerr, T. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-405 · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“Prior studies have suggested that women are at increased risk for developing abscesses (Spijkerman et al., 1996; Ebright & Pieper, 2002; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2005, 2008; Hope et al., 2010; Fink et al., 2013) perhaps because of difficulty accessing veins, sharing of contaminated injection equipment,…”
BackgroundRisk Practices Associated with Bacterial Infections among Injection Drug Users in Denver, Colorado
Phillips, K. T., & Stein, M. D. (2010) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952991003592311 · Cited by 112
Prevalence and correlates of abscesses among a cohort of injection drug users
Lloyd-Smith, E., Kerr, T., Hogg, R. S., Li, K., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E. (2005) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-24 · Cited by 102 · cited 3×
“Prior studies have suggested that women are at increased risk for developing abscesses (Spijkerman et al., 1996; Ebright & Pieper, 2002; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2005, 2008; Hope et al., 2010; Fink et al., 2013) perhaps because of difficulty accessing veins, sharing of contaminated injection equipment,…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Irwin, A., Jozaghi, E., Weir, B. W., Allen, S. T., Lindsay, A., & Sherman, S. G. (2017) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0153-2 · Cited by 75
Dahlman, D., Håkansson, A., Kral, A. H., Wenger, L. D., Ball, E. L., & Novak, S. P. (2016) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2016.1263592 · Cited by 61
Phillips, K. T., Anderson, B. J., Herman, D. S., Liebschutz, J. M., & Stein, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000346 · Cited by 58
Sanchez, D. P., Tookes, H., Pastar, I., & Lev-Tov, H. (2021) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2020.1243 · Cited by 48
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Persons Who Inject Drugs
Chambers, H. F. “. (2020) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.006 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, M. E., Robinowitz, N., Chaulk, P., & Johnson, K. E.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Kristine E.
- ORCID
- Robinowitz, Natanya
- Venue
- Journal of Addiction Medicine
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 87-93
- ISSN
- 1932-0620 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4375012
- OpenAlex
- W2330700047
- Semantic Scholar
- ac7bd3f1de418e8069110f2181e8b4791da747d1
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Addiction Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (1P30A1094189)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K23AI083100)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
- Keywords
- people who inject drugs, abscess, chronic wounds, needle exchange programs, skin popping, injection practices, skin care, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Abscess, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Baltimore, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Prevalence, Drug Users, Protective Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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