Cited by 254Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Changes in Effect-Size Estimates

Open access

KLEIN, JESSE B., JACOBS, RACHEL H., REINECKE, MARK A.·2007·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180592aaaPMC PMC2270481

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective To explicate differences between early and recent meta-analytic estimates of the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for adolescent depression.Method Meta-analytic procedures were used to investigate whether methodological characteristics moderated mean effect sizes among 11 randomized, controlled trials of CBT focusing on adolescents meeting diagnostic criteria for unipolar depression.Results Cumulative meta-analyses indicated that effects of CBT have decreased from large effects in early trials, and confidence intervals have become narrower. Effect sizes were significantly smaller among studies that used intent-to-treat analytic strategies, compared CBT to active treatments, were conducted in clinical settings, and featured greater methodological rigor based on CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) criteria. The mean posttreatment effect size of 0.53 was statistically significant.Conclusions Differences in estimates of the efficacy of CBT for depressed adolescents may stem from methodological differences between early and more recent investigations. Overall, results support the effectiveness of CBT for the treatment of adolescent depression.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180592aaa

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research.
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. A. (1972) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011 · Cited by 5,491
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,839
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research
Rosenthal, R. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781412984997 · Cited by 4,635
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research.
Metcalfe, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348600 · Cited by 4,249
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 43 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–254 of 254

Positive Psychology and Children with Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
Olympia, D. E., Heathfield, L. T., Jenson, W. R., Majszak, H., Ramos-Matias, V., & Thacker, M. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398786.013.013.0029 · Cited by 2
Connection between automatic thoughts and negative rumination in depressive states of university students
Kamiya, K., & Koda, R. (2016) · Stress Science Research · doi:10.5058/stresskagakukenkyu.2016005 · Cited by 2
Psychological treatment of adolescents.
Shirk, S. R., Stiles, A. A., & Leonard, S. S. (2018) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/0000065-021 · Cited by 3
Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Review
Jacobs, B. W., & Taylor, E. A. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470745892.ch4 · Cited by 2
Evidence for the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Systemic Family Therapy
Carr, A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119790181.ch6 · Cited by 3
Efficacy of Attachment-Based Family Therapy compared to Treatment as Usual for Depressed Adolescents in Community Mental Health ClinicsPreprint
Waraan, L., Rognli, E. W., Czajkowski, N. O., Aalberg, M., & Mehlum, L. I. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nvg4w · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Adolescents
Sagar, R., Mehta, M., & Sahu, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2241-5_19 · Cited by 1
Beyond tumor biology: nursing interventions for psychological and immune health in cancer patients
Gou, Y. R., Gu, H., & Wang, L. (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10574-5 · Cited by 1
“For adolescent depression, CBT effect sizes declined from large to moderate over time [312].”
EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR YOUTH IN POVERTY
Kodet, J. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.015 · Cited by 2
“For example, Klein et al. (2007) conducted a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials of CBT for youth meeting diagnostic criteria for unipolar depression.”
BackgroundMethod
Improving Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Africa: A Review of the Economic Evidence
Tozan, Y., & Capasso, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83707-5_3 · Cited by 3
‘Dear younger self…’: using a photograph think-aloud method to explore the lessons university students would pass on to their teenage selves
Ogden, J., Boukabous, A., Ford, E., Pedrosa, M., & Pintor, C. R. (2024) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2024.2352204 · Cited by 1
“…encourages strategies such as distancing as a way of gaining perspective from ones’ problems and has been shown to be effective for young people (Klein, Jacobs & Reinecke, 2007). in particular, they emphasised specific lessons relating to the benefits of looking outwards, recognising that…”
Treatment Strategies for Depression in Youth
Tompson, M. C., & Boger, K. D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09530-1_8 · Cited by 1
Tratamiento multimodal de niños y adolescentes con depresión
Ulloa, R. E., de la Peña, F. R., & Nogales-Imaca, I. A. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 1
Early Onset of Depression During Childhood and Adolescence
Shapero, B. G., & Mazzone, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97241-1_5 · Cited by 1
Gezinstherapeutische en systemische interventies voor problemen bij kinderen: de actuele stand van zaken in het wetenschappelijk onderzoek
Carr, A. (2020) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-020-00122-w · Cited by 1
Psychological Treatment in the Family Format
Carr, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00198-9 · Cited by 1
Interventions for mood, anxiety disorders or self-harm in young offenders
Robertson, L., Aboaja, A. M., Walker, D., Vostanis, P., Witt, K., Chakrabarti, I., Perry, A., & Townsend, E. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013768 · Cited by 1
Treatment Strategies for Depression in Youth
Kemp, G. N., O’Connor, E., Kritikos, T. K., Curren, L. C., & Tompson, M. C. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71210-9_10 · Cited by 1
Identifying Mediators of Youth Anxiety and Depression Intervention Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis
Stoll, R. D. (2015) · Cited by 1
Meðferð við þunglyndi barna og unglinga
Sævarsdóttir, E. E., & Halldórsdóttir, I. J. (2014)
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Combined with Antidepressants for Major Depressive Disorder
Maneeton, N. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30340
“Another meta-analysis also demonstrated that CBT appears to be effective for depressed adolescents (Lewinsohn & Clarke, 1999; Klein et al., 2007).”
Changing Maladaptive Behaviors, Part 2
Mendlowitz, S. L. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118500576.ch15
Support for the Use of CBT in Schools
Macklem, G. L. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7907-0_7
General Practitioners’ experience of child and adolescent suicidal ideation and behaviour – a survey
Kolshus, E. M., Kolshus, E. H., Gavin, B. E., Cullen, W., & McNicholas, F. (2015) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2015.52
“Meta-analytic evidence supports the use of CBT for the treatment of depression in children and adolescents (Klein et al. 2007; Watanabe et al. 2007).”
Method
Evidence-Based Treatment of Unipolar Depression in Adolescents
Loyola, G. (2010) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Emotion Processes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression
Crisostomo, P. S. (2013) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy
Høifødt, R. S. (2015)
Effects of HIV Behavioral Interventions for Men Who Have Sex With Men - United States, 1988-2014
Larson, H. J. (2016) · doi:10.23860/diss-larson-h.-2016
Trauma-Focused Involvement in Psychotherapy: Relations with Therapeutic Alliance and Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Simpson, T. S. (2013) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Homework Adherence in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression
Jungbluth, N. J. (2012) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Psychosocial Intervention with Women
Markward, M. J. (2014) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0128
Chapitre 11. Les problèmes internalisés : la dépression et l’anxiété à l’adolescence
Marcotte, D. (2014) · Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pum.5193
Spiritually Focused Mindfulness Meditation: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the Effect of Spiritually Focused Mindfulness Meditation on Depression with a Clinical Population
Bellingham, G. L. (2019) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
ESTABLISHING THE EFFICACY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS AND UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING EMOTIONAL DISTRESS IN BREAST CANCER
Temple, J. (2019) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03033174
Evaluation of a tier 2 internalizing intervention : the resilience education program
Kilpatrick, K. (2019) · doi:10.32469/10355/69956
الألکسيثيميا، وعلاقته بالاکتئاب في ضوء بعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية لدى عينة من مدمني الکحول
الزهراني, ع. ب. ا. (2018) · Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ/Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/jealex.2018.156717
Spirituality and religion approaches on depression symptoms A Meta-analysis
Dastani, M., Roshan, R., Janbozorgi, M., Shaeiri, M. R., & Aghaei, E. (2019)
Trauma-focused Involvement in Psycohotherapy: Relations with Therapeutic Alliance andSymptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Simpson, T. S. (2013)
Bridging the Gap of Feasibility and Practicality in the Malaysian Context: Preliminary Single Cohort School-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Cbt) Intervention
Saw, J. A., Tam, C. L., Thanzami, V., Bonn, G. B., Guan, S. T., & Ariaratnam, S. (2021) · Monash University Research Portal (Monash University)
Depression during adolescence: An examination of treatment outcomes through an intersectional lens
Morgan, M. M., Bradley‐Klug, K. L., Nadeau, J. M., & Ferron, J. R. (2021) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e506962022-001
Depressive Disorders
Zalaquett, C. P., & Chatters-Smith, S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781394258895.ch9
Depression
Shapiro, J. P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260164.ch14
References
(2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260164.refs
Effects of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction (CGGD) Combined with Cognitive Behavioral Intervention on Cognitive Behavior and Depressive State in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder After Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy
Sun, X., Shi, Z., Shen, Y., Liu, J., Wang, P., & Li, W. (2024) · Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy · doi:10.1166/jbmb.2024.2413
Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Depressive Disorder 2025 (III): Child and Adolescent
Yang, C.-M., Shim, S.-H., Bahk, W., Seo, J. S., Kim, N.-Y., Choi, W.-S., Woo, Y. S., Park, S., Kim, W., Lee, J. G., et al. (2025) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2025.64.3.200
Co-producing an interdisciplinary, preventative mental health intervention: development of the building resilience through socioemotional training (ReSET) programme
Lloyd, A., Law, R., Midgley, N., Lucas, L., Wu, T. C.-H., Viding, E. M., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2025) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2025.2545208
“Such interventions target implicit cognitive processes and skills (e.g. emotion regulation abilities) rather than focusing on overt cognitions (as in CBT, for example; Klein et al., 2007).”
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Korean Schools: A Meta-Analysis
Hong, J., Park, I. Y., Yu, M., & Franklin, C. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251385970 · Cited by 1
“The number of sessions was explored using a median split as recommended by Klein et al. (2007) to create two groups (i.e., 9 to 10 sessions as a reference group vs. more than 10 sessions).”
The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Anxiety and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents with Diabetes Type 1: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Zanjani, Z., Moqbeli, F., Omidi, A., & Arani, K. S. (2025) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-162129 · Cited by 1
“Based on repeated measures analysis of variance, an effect size of 0.53 was chosen based on a similar study (24), with a type I error rate of 0.05 and a statistical power of 0.80.”
Influential
Mood Disorders in Young People
McCulloch, A., Adams, S., Sharma, A., & Dubicka, B. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009110266.013
Additional file 1 of Effectiveness of an add-on guided internet-based emotion regulation training (E-TRAIN) in adolescents with depressive and/or anxiety disorders: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Emmelkamp, J., Wisman, M. A., Beuk, N., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., Nauta, M. H., Dekker, J., & Christ, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21340304
Additional file 2 of Effectiveness of an add-on guided internet-based emotion regulation training (E-TRAIN) in adolescents with depressive and/or anxiety disorders: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Emmelkamp, J., Wisman, M. A., Beuk, N., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., Nauta, M. H., Dekker, J., & Christ, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21340307
Reciprocal development of depression and self-efficacy in adolescence: A longitudinal twin study
Nguyen, T. L., Guo, J., Klatzka, C. H., Teuber, Z., Dicke, T., Wu, J., & Marsh, H. W. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122355
Análisis de Habilidades de Cognición Social para Evaluar el Impacto de Intervenciones Psicológicas Mediante Procesamiento Digital de Señales EEG
Roa-Rico, D. O., Trigueros-Triana, L. G., Mora-Navarro, A. L., Castillo-Álvarez, Y., Zamora-Rochín, L., Galindo-Aldana, G., Torres-González, C., Montoya-Rivera, L. A., Inzunza-González, E., Jiménez-Beristáin, L., et al. (2025) · Revista ELECTRO · doi:10.67458/re2025a45308313
Investigating Potential Mechanisms of Change Within Community Mental Health Treatment for Adolescent Emotional Disorders
Milgram, L., Jensen‐Doss, A., Rosenfield, D., Timpano, K. R., Ginsburg, G. S., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2026.2731342

Authors: KLEIN, J. B., JACOBS, R. H., & REINECKE, M. A.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: KLEIN, JESSE B.
ORCID: JACOBS, RACHEL H.
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-11
Volume: 46
Issue: 11
Pages: 1403-1413
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180592aaa
PMC: PMC2270481
OpenAlex: W2074331965
Cited by: 254
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH075308)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy, adolescent depression, major depressive disorder, treatment efficacy, effect size heterogeneity, methodological quality, intention-to-treat analysis, clinical trial design
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Changes in Effect-Size Estimates

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks