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Opioid Use Disorder Comorbidity in Individuals With Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD) disproportionately affects individuals with schizophrenia, who are less likely to receive opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and have a poorer overall prognosis. To date, there is little specific clinical guidance in managing concurrent schizophrenia and OUD. Aims: We performed a systematic review to summarize the current literature regarding comorbid schizophrenia and OUD, estimate OUD comorbidity's prevalence in persons with schizophrenia and summarize the evidence around medication management of OUD in persons with schizophrenia. Methods: We searched 5 electronic databases for all experimental studies or quasi-experimental studies, randomized controlled studies using pharmacological interventions to treat OUD in individuals with concurrent psychosis and OUD and epidemiological studies measuring the prevalence of comorbid OUD in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. We followed the PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our search strategy identified 491 records, from which 7 quasi-experimental designs and 19 observational designs met eligibility criteria. Most of the included studies explored the characteristics of OAT-receiving outpatients with schizophrenia versus those not diagnosed with schizophrenia. Most showed that the mean age of first psychiatric treatment was lower in the dually diagnosed and higher number of visits. However, there was no difference in OAT efficacy among patients with or without comorbid psychotic disorders. The meta-analyses for the lifetime and past-year prevalence of comorbid OUD among persons with schizophrenia were 5% and 2%, respectively. Conclusions: In the absence of clear evidence in the population of individuals with schizophrenia and comorbid OUD, following current guidelines for general adults remains the most evidence-based approach for this unique population. Contexte: Le trouble lié à l’usage d’opioïdes (TUO) affecte de manière disproportionnée les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie, qui sont moins susceptibles de recevoir un traitement d’agonistes opioïdes (TAO) et ont un pronostic global plus sombre. À ce jour, il existe peu d’orientations cliniques spécifiques dans la gestion de la schizophrénie concomitante et du TUO. Objectifs: Nous avons effectué une revue systématique afin de résumer la littérature actuelle concernant la schizophrénie comorbide et le TUO, estimer la prépondérance de la comorbidité du TUO chez les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie et résumer les preuves concernant la gestion médicamenteuse du TUO chez les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie. Méthodes: Nous avons effectué des recherches dans cinq bases de données électroniques pour toutes les études expérimentales ou quasi-expérimentales, les études contrôlées arbitraires utilisant des interventions pharmacologiques pour traiter le TUO chez les personnes atteintes de psychose concomitante et le TUO et les études épidémiologiques mesurant la prépondérance du TUO comorbide dans les troubles du spectre de la schizophrénie. Nous avons suivi les lignes directrices PRISMA. Résultats: Notre stratégie de recherche a identifié 491 enregistrements, parmi lesquels sept modèles quasi-expérimentaux et dix-neuf modèles d’observation répondaient aux critères d’éligibilité. La plupart des études incluses ont exploré les caractéristiques des patients ambulatoires recevant un TAO atteints de schizophrénie par rapport à ceux qui n’avaient reçu aucun diagnostic de schizophrénie. La plupart ont montré que l’âge moyen du premier traitement psychiatrique était plus tôt dans le cas du double diagnostic et le nombre de visites plus élevé. Cependant, il n’y avait pas de différence dans l’efficacité de traitement du TAO chez les patients avec ou sans troubles psychotiques comorbides. Les méta-analyses de la prépondérance au cours de la vie et au cours de l’année précédente du TUO comorbide chez les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie étaient respectivement de 5% et 2%. Conclusions: En l’absence de preuves claires dans la population d’individus atteints de schizophrénie et de TUO comorbide, suivre les lignes directrices actuelles fondées sur des études, pour les adultes en général, reste l’approche la plus recommandée pour cette population unique.
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“evidence suggests a disproportionate impact of opioid use disorder (OUD) among individuals with schizophrenia”
From Navigating the Complex Intersection of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“who are less likely to receive opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and tend to have a poorer prognosis [6].”
From Navigating the Complex Intersection of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
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Bahji, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13040999 · Cited by 83
“Likewise, evidence suggests a disproportionate impact of opioid use disorder (OUD) among individuals with schizophrenia, who are less likely to receive opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and tend to have a poorer prognosis [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCavallotto, C., Chiappini, S., Mosca, A., d’Andrea, G., Carlo, F. D., Piro, T., Susini, O., Stefanelli, G., Cesare, A. D., Ricci, V., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082206 · Cited by 20
Training in Substance use Disorders, Part 1: Overview of Clinical Practice Recommendations
Bahji, A., Crockford, D. N., Brasch, J. S., Schütz, C. G., Buckley, L., Danilewitz, M., Dubreucq, S., Mak, M. S. B., & George, T. P. (2024) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437241231128 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLi, Y., Niemelä, S., & Denissoff, A. (2025) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00642-x · Cited by 4
Harm Reduction as an Essential Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Skill
Kameg, B. (2025) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903251332641 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Danilewitz, M., & Bahji, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Addiction
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 26-37
- ISSN
- 2368-4720 (ISSN-L)
- 2368-4739
- OpenAlex
- W4200034457
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Addiction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, comorbidities, opioid substitution therapy, prevalence, dual diagnosis, medication management, psychosis, treatment outcomes, psychiatric comorbidity, treatment-seeking behavior, lifetime prevalence, medication adherence, treatment discontinuation, relapse
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