Cited by 4Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSmoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Patterns of Cannabis Use Before and After Legalization in Canada

Abstract

Objectives: With the legalization of nonmedicinal cannabis in 2018, it is important to understand how cannabis use has changed postlegalization. Legalization of cannabis also allows a further understanding of associations between cannabis use and sex, age, smoking, and vaping. Since cannabis is provincially regulated, provincial comparisons may help to understand the implications of various policy options. Methods: Data from the 2017 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey provided a prelegalization baseline for prevalence of cannabis use (n = 16,349). The 2019 Canadian Tobacco and Nicotine Survey was used as a postlegalization comparison (n = 8,614). The cannabis items had different wording, necessitating an approximation for the past 30-day prevalence in 2017. Variables of interest included sex, age, province, cigarette smoking status, and vaping. Results: The past 30-day prevalence of cannabis use increased from approximately 9% in 2017 to nearly 11% (95% confidence intervals: 10.1, 11.7) in 2019. However, due to the approximation of the 2017 frequency, it was not possible to confirm that this increase was statistically significant. Expected associations between cannabis use and sex, age, smoking, and vaping were found in both 2017 and 2019. Provinces that allow personal cultivation of cannabis had a higher frequency of use in 2019, odds ratio = 1.58 (95% confidence intervals: 1.27, 1.95). No differences in use were seen in provinces adopting different sales models. Conclusions: The prevalence of cannabis use in the Canadian population has increased from 2017 to 2019 by approximately 2% in absolute terms. Few differences were seen between provinces in 2019, despite differing regulatory approaches. Objectifs: Avec la légalisation du cannabis non médicinal en 2018, il est important de comprendre comment la consommation de cannabis a changé après la légalisation. La légalisation du cannabis permet également de mieux comprendre les rapports entre la consommation de cannabis et le sexe, l’âge, le tabagisme et le vapotage. Étant donné que le cannabis est réglementé par les provinces, les comparaisons provinciales peuvent aider à comprendre les implications de diverses options stratégiques. Méthodes: Les données de l’Enquête canadienne sur le tabac, l’alcool et les drogues (ECTAD) de 2017 ont fourni une base de référence avant la légalisation de la consommation de cannabis (N = 16 349). L’Enquête canadienne sur le tabac et la nicotine (ECTN) de 2019 a été utilisée comme outil de post-légalisation en comparaison (N = 8 614). Les questions portant sur le cannabis avaient une formulation différente, nécessitant une approximation de la prévalence au cours des 30 derniers jours en 2017. Les variables d’intérêt comprenaient le sexe, l’âge, les particularités de chaque province, le tabagisme et le vapotage. Résultats: La prévalence de la consommation de cannabis au cours des 30 derniers jours indiquait une hausse d’environ 9% en 2017 à près de 11% (IC à 95%: 10.1, 11.7) en 2019. Cependant, en raison de l’approximation de la fréquence de la consommation du cannabis en 2017, il a été impossible de confirmer statistiquement l’importance de cette augmentation. Des associations probables entre la consommation de cannabis et le sexe, l’âge, le tabagisme et le vapotage ont été trouvées dans ces statistiques de 2017 et 2019. Les provinces qui autorisent la culture personnelle du cannabis avaient une fréquence de consommation plus élevée en 2019, odds ratio = 1,58 (IC à 95%: 1.27, 1.95). Par contre, aucune différence d’utilisation n’a été observée dans les provinces adoptant des modèles de vente différents. Conclusions: La hausse de la consommation de cannabis dans la population canadienne a augmenté de 2017 à 2019 d’environ 2% en termes absolus. Peu de différences ont été observées entre les provinces en 2019, malgré des approches réglementaires différentes.

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Hajizadeh, 2016, Legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: review of potential economic, social, and health impacts, Int J Health Policy Manag, 5, 453, 10.15171/ijhpm.2016.63 · DOI
  2. Hall, 2016, Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States, Addiction, 111, 1764, 10.1111/add.13428 · DOI
  3. Leyton, 2019, Cannabis legalization: did we make a mistake? Update 2019, J Psychiatry Neurosci JPN, 44, 291, 10.1503/jpn.190136 · DOI
  4. Kerr, 2018, Changes in marijuana use across the 2012 Washington State recreational legalization: is retrospective assessment of use before legalization more accurate?, J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 79, 495, 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.495 · DOI
  5. Cerdá, 2020, Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016, JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 165, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Mehra, 2019, The association between alcohol, marijuana, illegal drug use and current use of E-cigarette among youth and young adults in Canada: results from Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2017, BMC Public Health, 19, 10.1186/s12889-019-7546-y · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Pham, T. T. L., Williams, J. V. A., Bulloch, A. G. M., Lukmanji, A., Dores, A. K., Isherwood, L. J., Wiens, K., Zulyniak, S., & Patten, S. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Calgary (CA)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Venue
Canadian Journal of Addiction
Published
2022-03
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
27-35
ISSN
  • 2368-4720 (ISSN-L)
  • 2368-4739
OpenAlex
W4381956713
Cited by
4
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
The Canadian Journal of Addiction (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
cannabis legalization, cannabis use prevalence, self-cultivation, cigarette smoking, vaping, Canadian cannabis policy, Canada

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Patterns of Cannabis Use Before and After Legalization in Canada. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1097/cxa.0000000000000137
The paper
Pham, T. T. L., Williams, J. V. A., Bulloch, A. G. M., Lukmanji, A., Dores, A. K., Isherwood, L. J., Wiens, K., Zulyniak, S., & Patten, S. B. (2022). Patterns of Cannabis Use Before and After Legalization in Canada. Canadian Journal of Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1097/cxa.0000000000000137