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Cited by 260

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Obesity and reproductive hormone levels in the transition to menopause

Open access
Freeman, Ellen W., Sammel, Mary D., Lin, Hui, Gracia, Clarisa R.·2010·Menopause
DOI 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181cec85d
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate associations of obesity with reproductive hormone levels as women progress from premenopausal to postmenopausal status. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study conducted in the population-based Penn Ovarian Aging Cohort (N = 436). At cohort enrollment, the women were premenopausal, ages 35 to 47 years, with equal numbers of African Americans and whites. Anthropometric measures, menopause status, and reproductive hormone measures were evaluated for 12 years. Associations of the anthropometric measures with estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, and inhibin B in the menopausal transition were estimated using generalized linear regression models for repeated measures. RESULTS: Associations between obesity and hormone levels differed by menopause status as indicated by significant interactions between each hormone and menopausal stage. Premenopausal obese and overweight women had significantly lower estradiol levels compared with nonobese women, independent of age, race, and smoking (obese: 32.8 pg/mL [95% CI, 30.6-35.2] vs nonobese: 39.8 pg/mL [95% CI, 37.0-42.8], P < 0.001). The associations reversed postmenopause, with obese women having the highest estradiol levels (obese: 20.6 pg/mL [95% CI, 17.2-24.7] vs nonobese: 12.2 pg/mL [95% CI, 10.1-14.8], P < 0.001). Inhibin B levels were significantly lower in premenopausal obese compared with nonobese women but reversed in the late transition stage. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were lowest in postmenopausal obese compared with nonobese women (P < 0.001). Measures of waist circumference (central adiposity) and waist-to-hip ratio paralleled the body mass index results. CONCLUSION: Obesity is an important factor in hormone dynamics independent of age, race, and smoking in midlife women, although the mechanisms remain unclear.

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Research works printed but not linked: 36

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Metadata

Authors
Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H., & Gracia, C. R.
Venue
Menopause
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2010-07
Volume
17
Issue
4
Pages
718-726
ISSN
1072-3714 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/gme.0b013e3181cec85d
OpenAlex
W1993683017
Cited by
260
References
2
FWCI
7.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Obesity and reproductive hormone levels in the transition to menopause. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181cec85d
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Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H., & Gracia, C. R. (2010). Obesity and reproductive hormone levels in the transition to menopause. Menopause. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181cec85d

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