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Gambling Disorder and Other Behavioral Addictions: Recognition and Treatment
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Addiction professionals and the public are recognizing that certain nonsubstance behaviors--such as gambling, Internet use, video-game playing, sex, eating, and shopping--bear resemblance to alcohol and drug dependence. Growing evidence suggests that these behaviors warrant consideration as nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions and has led to the newly introduced diagnostic category "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders" in DSM-5. At present, only gambling disorder has been placed in this category, with insufficient data for other proposed behavioral addictions to justify their inclusion. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of behavioral addictions, describes treatment considerations, and addresses future directions. Current evidence points to overlaps between behavioral and substance-related addictions in phenomenology, epidemiology, comorbidity, neurobiological mechanisms, genetic contributions, responses to treatments, and prevention efforts. Differences also exist. Recognizing behavioral addictions and developing appropriate diagnostic criteria are important in order to increase awareness of these disorders and to further prevention and treatment strategies.
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“Both pharmacological and psychological treatments have been suggested, similar to what is recommended for gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions (e.g., Grant et al., 2013;Yau and Potenza, 2015), and initial studies suggest varying degrees of efficacy (Cash et al., 2012;Santos et al., 2016;Winkler et al., 2013;Young, 2013).”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Yau and Potenza, 2015
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Self-citationAn Empirical Study of the Pathway Model Link Between Cognitive Distortions and Gambling Problems
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“GD encompasses a range of behaviors, including preoccupation, tolerance, withdrawal, chasing, repeated unsuccessful attempts to limit or cease gambling, and gambling-related disruptions in important areas of life functioning [13, 14].”
Self-citationPublic Perceptions of Harm for Nine Popular Gambling Products
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BackgroundFeatures Linked to Treatment Outcomes in Behavioral Addictions and Related Disorders
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Transtorno de Jogo: contribuição da abordagem psicodinâmica no tratamento
de Oliveira, M. P. M. T., de Castro, J. S., Braga, E. D. O., & Raszeja, B. C. (2022) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-6564e210007 · Cited by 7
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“Gambling and video gaming are the two commonly recognized nonsubstance behaviors that carry the risk of problematic or disordered engagement (Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
Mestre‐Bach, G., Potenza, M. N., Granero, R., Uríszar, J. C., Tarragón, E., Actis, C. C., Testa, G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Jiménez‐Múrcia, S. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10274-3 · Cited by 7
“In the case of GD and co-occurring disorders, targeted interventions for the co-occurring may also have positive effects on GD (Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
Self-citationEvaluation of Risk Behavior in Gambling Addicted and Opioid Addicted Individuals
Gorzelańczyk, E. J., Walecki, P. K., Błaszczyszyn, M., Laskowska, E., & Kawala‐Sterniuk, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.597524 · Cited by 7
“Gambling is an activity, where something valuable is risked on behalf of a chance for winning something even more valuable (Yau and Potenza, 2015).”
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Self-citationDo attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms influence treatment outcome in gambling disorder?
Vintró-Alcaraz, C., Mestre-Bach, G., Granero, R., Gómez-Peña, M., Moragas, L., Fernández-Aranda, F., Potenza, M., & Jiménez-Múrcia, S. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152433 · Cited by 5
Self-citationGaming, Substance use and Distress within a Cohort of Online Gamblers
André, F., Håkansson, A., & Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.3434 · Cited by 6
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“…observed multiple psychiatric conditions that are comorbid with GD (Dowling et al., 2015; Sundqvist & Rosendahl, 2019; Yakovenko & Hodgins, 2018; Yau & Potenza, 2015), including psychopathologies within the psychotic spectrum (SCZ as well as schizoaffective, schizophreniform, paranoid, and…”
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“Yau and Potenza (2015) reviewed the epidemiological co-occurrence of gambling disorder and other behavioural addictions and suggest that this may be due to shared genetic risks for impulsivity and reward seeking.”
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Mestre‐Bach, G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.014 · Cited by 6
Self-citationRetractedThe role of contextual factors in avenues to recover from gambling disorder: a scoping review
Johannessen, D. A., Overå, S., & Arnevik, E. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1247152 · Cited by 5
“…of treatment, including distorted cognition (Rash and Petry, 2014; Mansueto et al., 2019; Yücel et al., 2019), impaired decision-making (Goschke, 2014; Challet-Bouju et al., 2017), impulsiveness and emotional dysregulation (Yau and Potenza, 2015; Anderson et al., 2021; Vintró-Alcaraz et al., 2021).”
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“Gambling disorder (GD) is recognized as a behavioral addiction characterized by persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behaviors that lead to significant distress or impairment in personal, social, or occupational functioning [1,2].”
Neurobiology and genetics of behavioral addictions: a brief review
İzci, F., Sağlam, N. G. U., & Ergelen, M. (2021) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.991533 · Cited by 5
Examination of the Factors That Encourage University Students to Sports Betting. A Q-Method Study
Karafil, A. Y. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10192-4 · Cited by 8
“In the studies of Lelonek-Kuleta (2022) and Yau and Potenza (2015), addiction was found to be one of the factors leading to betting.”
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“It has been suggested that the three stages of substance addiction are also applicable to describe behavioral addiction (36) including gambling and Internet addiction disorder (37).”
BackgroundCybersex addiction in a gay man: a case report
Skryabin, V. Y., Застрожин, М. С., & Chumakov, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2020.1860423 · Cited by 8
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“Additionally, online gambling is associated with personality and mood disorders (APA, 2013; Cartmill et al., 2015; Lloyd et al., 2010; Yau et al., 2015).”
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“Prediction of presence and of directionality of clinical differences among drug addicted patient with and without co-occurring gambling and theoretical considerations on this score are not unambiguous (Petry et al., 2005; Yau and Potenza, 2015).”
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“Recognized by mental health professionals as a behavioral addiction, gambling disorder has been the subject of increasing research interest aimed at examining its underlying mechanisms and developing efective intervention strategies [4].”
İnternet bağımlılığını önlemede Türkiye ve Güney Kore uygulamalarının karşılaştırılması
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Noel, J. K., Rosenthal, S. R., & Jacob, S. (2024) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9 · Cited by 4
“Gambling and substance use disorders may share several common neurobiological and genetic risk factors, and there is substantial overlap in the development process and symptoms of problem gambling and substance use disorders (Balodis & Potenza, 2020; Vereczkei et al., 2022; Yau & Potenza, 2015a).”
A Systematic Review of Stress Physiology in Gambling Disorder and Problem Gambling
Pangborn, N., Zhang, E., & Balodis, I. M. (2024) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-024-00279-6 · Cited by 4
“SUDs such as nicotine and tobacco use disorders, AUD, and other SUDs frequently co-occur with GD, and the presence of psychiatric conditions significantly increases the odds of disordered gambling [53, 54 • , 55].”
An addiction to seeking fortune-telling services: a case report
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“Our understanding of efficacious, well-tolerated pharmacological and behavioral strategies for such disorders lags significantly behind our understanding of treatments for other major neuropsychiatric disorders.(29) At the same time, increasingly, psychiatrists have to deal with various behavioral addictions in clinic…”
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Development of gambling disorder after bariatric surgery: a call for research
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Gaming, substance use and distress within a cohort of online gamblers
André, F., Håkansson, A., & Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2434 · Cited by 4
“Introduction Behavioural, or non-substance addictions have relatively recently been formally acknowledged (1-3).”
BackgroundMachine Learning-Based Approach for the Gambling Problem Identification
Kozák, J. T., Probierz, B., Juszczuk, P., Dziczkowski, G., Jach, T., Stefański, P., Głowania, S., Hrabia, A., Wołek, G., Sznapka, W., et al. (2025) · Vietnam Journal of Computer Science · doi:10.1142/s2196888825500034 · Cited by 3
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“[7] There is a dearth of published research on substance abuse in Iraq, making it challenging to pinpoint the precise extent of the problem, substances that are abused, and age groups most impacted by substance abuse.”
Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., Balodis, I. M., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Menchón, J. M., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09971-0 · Cited by 3
“2017; Yau and Potenza 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs Food Addiction a Specific Feature of Individuals Seeking Dietary Treatment from Nutritionists?
Piccinni, A., Cargioli, C., Oppo, A., Vanelli, F., Mauri, M., Formica, V., Arone, A., Stallone, T., Palermo, S., & Marazziti, D. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230603 · Cited by 3
Chou, W., Hung, C., Griffiths, M. D., Chou, W., Hsieh, G.-J., Chen, C., Yen, C., & Lin, C.-Y. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105700 · Cited by 3
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“Although some voices cautiously point to differences in the prevention of gaming disorder and substance abuse [46], the observations in our study diverge from much of the existing literature, which often models gaming disorder prevention on substance abuse strategies [47,48], despite important…”
Moran, L., Bradbury, E., & Mills, J. K. A. (2018) · InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice · doi:10.1177/1755738018809137 · Cited by 2
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“22 This questionnaire, which has been extensively used in studies exploring PG in ad-behavioral components, social, genetic and familial influences is crucial and should be taken into consideration.”
Developmental aspects (including cyberbullying)
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“…there is strong evidence to support that the reward system might be involved when humans have the urge to set fires, at least when considering the addictive characteristic of this behavior compared to some similar conditions such as gambling, kleptomania, and trichotillomania (Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Potenza, Marc N.
- Venue
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 134-146
- ISSN
- 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4458066
- OpenAlex
- W2096389535
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 187
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018647, P50DA009241, R01DA035058, P20DA027844)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, behavioral addiction, DSM-5, substance-related and addictive disorders, comorbidities, neurobiology of addiction, genetic contribution, treatment, prevention, internet addiction, sexual addiction, eating disorders, compulsive buying, gaming addiction
- MeSH terms
- Gambling, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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