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Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Intraocular Pressure, Lowers Stress Biomarkers and Modulates Gene Expression in Glaucoma: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
Background: Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is currently the only approach to prevent further optic nerve head damage. However, other mechanisms such as ischemia, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neurotrophin loss, inflammation/glial activation, and vascular dysregulation are not addressed. Because stress is a key risk factor affecting these mechanisms, we evaluated whether mindfulness-based stress reduction can lower IOP and normalize typical stress biomarkers. Materials and Methods: In a prospective, randomized trial 90 POAG patients (180 eyes; age above 45 y) were assigned to a waitlist control or mindfulness meditation group which practiced daily for 21 days. We measured IOP (primary endpoint), quality of life (QOL), stress-related serum biomarkers [cortisol, β-endorphins, IL6, TNF-α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], and whole genome expression. Results: Between-group comparisons revealed significantly lowered IOP in meditators (OD: 18.8 to 12.7, OS 19.0 to 13.1 mm Hg) which correlated with significantly lowered stress-biomarker levels including cortisol (497.3 to 392.3 ng/mL), IL6 (2.8 to 1.5 ng/mL), TNF-α (57.1 to 45.4 pg/mL), ROS (1625 to 987 RLU/min/104 neutrophils), and elevated β-endorphins (38.4 to 52.7 pg/mL), BDNF (56.1 to 83.9 ng/mL), and TAC (5.9 to 9.3) (all P <0.001). These changes correlated well with gene expression profiling. Meditators improved in QOL ( P <0.05). Conclusions: A short course of mindfulness-based stress reduction by meditation in POAG, reduces IOP, improves QOL, normalizes stress biomarkers, and positively modifies gene expression. Mindfulness meditation can be recommended as adjunctive therapy for POAG.
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Mindfulness practice is linked to lower levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in primary open-angle glaucoma patients.
“Mindfulness practice is also linked to lower levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in primary open-angle glaucoma patients.22”
From Biological mechanism study of meditation and its application in mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
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Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density
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Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Barceló-Soler, A., Ikuse, D., Ota, M., Hirata, A., Yoshizawa, A., Hatanaka, R., Valero, M. S., Demarzo, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072484 · Cited by 96
Biological mechanism study of meditation and its application in mental disorders
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Psychiatry
Ivkovic, A., Evans, S., Mirsky, P., Ashar, Y. K., & Muskin, P. R. (2024) · Tasman’s Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_159 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Dada, T., Mittal, D., Mohanty, K., Faiq, M. A., Bhat, M. A., Yadav, R. K., Sihota, R., Sidhu, T., Velpandian, T., Kalaivani, M., Pandey, R. M., Gao, Y., Sabel, B. A., & Dada, R.
- Affiliations
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences
- Department of Physiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (DE)
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy
- Corresponding author
- Dada, Tanuj
- Mittal, Deepti
- Mohanty, Kuldeep
- Faiq, Muneeb A.
- Sihota, Ramanjit
- Sidhu, Talvir
- Velpandian, Thirumurthy
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Glaucoma
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1061-1067
- ISSN
- 1057-0829 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2916776794
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 12.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Glaucoma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Glaucoma and retinal disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, mindfulness-based stress reduction, primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, stress biomarkers, cortisol, interleukin-6, TNF-α, beta-endorphin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant capacity, gene expression, quality of life, oxidative stress, adjunctive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Antioxidants, beta-Endorphin, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Glaucoma, Open-Angle, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Tonometry, Ocular, Biomarkers, Single-Blind Method, Cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Meditation, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Gene Expression Profiling, Mindfulness
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