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Beneath the Surface: Mental Health and Harassment and Abuse of Athletes Participating in the FINA (Aquatics) World Championships, 2019
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Objective: To assess the mental health and experience of sport-related harassment and abuse of elite aquatic athletes and to analyze it in relation to gender and discipline. Design: Cross-sectional study using an anonymous survey. Setting: The FINA World Championships 2019. Participants: Registered athletes in the disciplines of swimming, diving, high diving, water polo, artistic swimming, and open water swimming. Interventions: Athletes completed an online or paper-based questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures included screening for depression (10-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale revised), eating disorders (Brief Eating Disorders in Athletes Questionnaire), the subjective need for psychotherapeutic support, and the experience of sport-related harassment and/or abuse. Results: A quarter (24.6%) of the 377 responding athletes were classified as depressed and 2.5% as having an eating disorder. More than 40% of the athletes stated that they wanted or needed psychotherapeutic support. Fifty-one athletes (14.9%) had experienced harassment/abuse in sport themselves, and 31 (9%) had witnessed it in another athlete. The experiences of harassment and abuse ranged from unwanted comments about body or appearance (40.2%) to rewards in sport for sexual favors (2.5%) and rape (0.3%). Athletes who had experienced harassment/abuse in sport themselves had higher average scores for depression and eating disorders, and more of them felt they needed psychotherapeutic support. Up to a third would not talk or report to anybody if they saw or experienced harassment/abuse, and less than 20% would talk to an official for help. Conclusion: Targeted initiatives are required to address mental health issues and harassment and abuse in sport in the FINA aquatic disciplines.
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Erroneous and intensive body composition measurement could lead to allegations of harassment and abuse by athletes.
“In some instances, erroneous and intensive body composition measurement could lead to allegations of harassment and abuse by athletes.132 135”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [135]
The Results (page unavailable) report athletes’ experiences of unwanted comments about body or appearance and forced dieting as situations of harassment or abuse. The paper does not say that erroneous or intensive body-composition measurement led, or could lead, to athletes’ allegations; that mechanism is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)
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Self-citationPsychometric Properties of the CES-D-10 in a Psychiatric Sample
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“4% sleep disturbance, 9% for alcohol misuse, and 1%–28% for eating disorders.(5) There is a well-established correlation between mental health symptomatology and experience with harassment/abuse both inside and outside of sport.”
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Research works printed but not linked: 21
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Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mountjoy, M., Junge, A., Magnusson, C., Shahpar, F. M., Ortiz Lizcano, E. I., Varvodic, J., Wang, X., Cherif, M. Y., Hill, L., & Miller, J.
- Affiliations
- International Olympic Committee (CH)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland;
- McMaster University (CA)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mountjoy, Margo
- Hill, Lee
- Miller, Jim
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
- Published
- 2021-09-02
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-102
- ISSN
- 1050-642X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3197888883
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McMaster University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Keywords
- athlete mental health, sexual abuse in sport, depression, eating disorders, aquatic athletes, gender differences, abuse reporting, sexual harassment in sport
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Mental Health, Sports Medicine, Swimming, Athletes
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