The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Gait, Balance, and Functional Locomotor Mobility
Abstract
In Brief Purpose: This study reports the secondary effects of a constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) protocol on spatial temporal parameters of gait, balance, and functional locomotor mobility in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Sixteen children (4–12 years old) participated in a 3-week CIMT program. Participants were tested on the first and last day of the CIMT program using the Standardized Walking Obstacle Course (SWOC), the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) and the GAITRite Gold system (CIR Systems, Inc, Havertown, Pennsylvania). Results: Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used on all pre- and posttests. Only the spatial temporal parameters of cadence and velocity differed significantly, with 12 subjects displaying a faster cadence (P = .02) and 10 subjects displaying a faster velocity (P = .05). Conclusion: In this pilot study, CIMT was found to promote changes in 2 spatial temporal parameters of gait. However, no changes were noted in the participant's measures on the SWOC and PBS. Examination of the effects of CIMT on gait parameters, balance, and locomotor ability revealed that cadence and velocity of gait were improved after a 6-week program. The authors recommend additional study with more sensitive tools to examine what may be additional effects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two upper limb intervention studies were identified, each using a different approach: constraint-induced movement therapy 64 or force use therapy 65 (see Table SIIa).”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [64]
Citations
Cites
Wolf, S. L., Winstein, C. J., Miller, J. P., Taub, E., Uswatte, G., Morris, D., Giuliani, C., Light, K. E., Nichols-Larsen, D., & EXCITE Investigators, F. T. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.17.2095 · Cited by 1,889
A Working Model of Skill Acquisition with Application to Teaching
Gentile, A. M. (1972) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.1972.10519717 · Cited by 614
Webster, K. E., Wittwer, J. E., & Feller, J. A. (2005) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.10.005 · Cited by 556
Franjoine, M. R., Gunther, J. S., & Taylor, M. J. (2003) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/01.pep.0000068117.48023.18 · Cited by 477
Taub, E., Ramey, S. L., DeLuca, S., & Echols, K. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.2.305 · Cited by 460
Dean, C. M., & Shepherd, R. B. (1997) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.28.4.722 · Cited by 414
Regulation of Arm and Leg Movement during Human Locomotion
Zehr, E. P., & Duysens, J. (2004) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858404264680 · Cited by 409
Eliasson, A.-C., Krumlinde-Sundholm, L., Shaw, K., & Wang, C. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162205000502 · Cited by 328
Menant, J. C., Steele, J. R., Menz, H. B., Munro, B. J., & Lord, S. R. (2008) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.10.057 · Cited by 229
Resonant frequencies of arms and legs identify different walking patterns
WAGENAAR, R. C., & van Emmerik, R. E. A. (2000) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00020-8 · Cited by 208
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Taylor, 1998, Standardized Walking Obstacle Course: preliminary reliability and validity of a functional measurement tool., J Rehabil Outcomes Meas, 2, 15
Cited by
Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Dewar, R., Love, S., & Johnston, L. M. (2015) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12660 · Cited by 242
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy
Figueiredo, P. R. P., da Silva, P. L. P., Avelar, B. S., Chagas, P. S. D. C., Oliveira, L. C. P., & Mancini, M. C. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552013005000105 · Cited by 227
Constraint-induced movement therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Hoare, B., Wallen, M. A., Thorley, M., Jackman, M., Carey, L. M., & Imms, C. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004149.pub3 · Cited by 209
Clinical tools to assess balance in children and adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Sæther, R., Helbostad, J. L., Riphagen, I. I., & Vik, T. (2013) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12162 · Cited by 143
Bleyenheuft, Y., Arnould, C., Brandão, M. B., Bleyenheuft, C., & Gordon, A. M. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314562109 · Cited by 134
“However, 2 studies have documented carryover to the LE, where some gait variables improve after CIMT.(25,26) These unexpected changes were interpreted as due to better interlimb coordination linked to the tasks (eg, retrieving objects from the floor(26)) or to postural reorganization during walking due to the weight o…”
BackgroundBleyenheuft, Y., & Gordon, A. M. (2014) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.3109/01942638.2014.932884 · Cited by 83
“…a better inter-limb coordination linked to the tasks in which both UE and LE movements are combined (sitting and rising from a chair or retrieving objects from the floor; Zipp & Winning, 2012) or to the reorganization during walking due to the weight of the restraints (casts; Coker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundZhu, Y., Zhou, C., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Jin, J., Zhang, S., Bai, Y., Huang, D.-Q., Zhu, B. D., Xu, Y., et al. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1107775 · Cited by 33
Bleyenheuft, Y., Paradis, J., Renders, A., Thonnard, J., & Arnould, C. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.005 · Cited by 28
“The performance/ability of each body part (UE or LE) may be influenced by performance changes in the other, as demonstrated by the unexpected changes on LE reported during intensive UE training (Coker, Karakostas, Dodds, & Hsiang, 2010; Gillick, 2012; Gillick & Koppes, 2010; Zipp & Winning, 2012).”
BackgroundDesign, Analysis, and Optimization of an Acute Stroke Gait Rehabilitation Device
Kora, K., Stinear, J. W., & McDaid, A. (2016) · Journal of Medical Devices · doi:10.1115/1.4035127 · Cited by 26
Neuroplasticity: An Appreciation From Synapse to System
Gillick, B. T., & Zirpel, L. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.026 · Cited by 22
Bailes, A. F., Caldwell, C., Clay, M., Tremper, M., Dunning, K. K., & Long, J. T. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1225827 · Cited by 17
“an orthosis [53] or after constraint induced movement therapy.[54] Pool et al.”
BackgroundLocomotor patterns during obstacle avoidance in children with cerebral palsy
Cappellini, G., Labini, F. S., MacLellan, M. J., Assenza, C., Libernini, L., Morelli, D., Lacquaniti, F., & Ivanenko, Y. P. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00163.2020 · Cited by 15
Coordination of the upper and lower extremities during walking in children with cerebral palsy
Sidiropoulos, A. N., Magill, R. A., & Gordon, A. M. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.03.028 · Cited by 15
Sidiropoulos, A. N., Chen, S., Kaminski, T. R., & Gordon, A. M. (2019) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05501-6 · Cited by 12
Trunk Control in Children With Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Seyyar, G. K., Aras, B., & Aras, Ö. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512519858275 · Cited by 11
“…making the improvement of trunk control and associated postural control for patients with ataxic CP critically important issues in rehabilitation (Dewar, Love & Johnston, 2015; Harbourne, Willett, Kyvelidou, Deffeyes, & Stergiou, 2010; Zadnikar & Kastrin, 2011; Zipp & Winning, 2012).”
BackgroundNg, S. S. M., Chan, S. C. C., Chan, A., Chung, H., Lee, N., Ngan, A., & Tse, M. Y. M. (2017) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2265 · Cited by 10
“The children with CP were likely to have had high levels of physical functioning, as they were all participants from a camping programme organized by a specialized hospital (26).”
BackgroundContinuous inter-limb coordination deficits in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy
Sidiropoulos, A. N., Santamaria, V., & Gordon, A. M. (2020) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105250 · Cited by 9
Cohen-Holzer, M., Sorek, G., Schless, S., Kerem, J., & Leurer, M. K. (2014) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.3109/01942638.2014.990549 · Cited by 9
“Children with HCP exhibit improvement in spatial temporal parameters of gait (Zipp-Pinto & Winning, 2012) and in motor performance following CIMT (Gillik & Koppes, 2010) Given that the motor system functions as a dynamic system, as proposed by the dynamic systems model of motor control, it was…”
Figueiredo, P. R. P., da Silva, P. L. P., Avelar, B. S., Chagas, P. S. D. C., Oliveira, L. C. P., & Mancini, M. C. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552012005000105 · Cited by 9
Haynes, M. P., & Phillips, D. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3233/prm-2012-0203 · Cited by 8
“The use of a constraint may have an in fl uence on the child’s postural control and alignment supporting UE and LE function [3,5,7,17,36].”
Hung, Y., Shirzad, F., Saleem, M., & Gordon, A. M. (2020) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.009 · Cited by 8
Leblebici, G., Tarakçı, E., Kısa, E. P., Akalan, N. E., & Kasapçopur, Ö. (2024) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.02.017 · Cited by 7
Mejora del control postural y equilibrio en la parálisis cerebral infantil: revisión sistemática
Gómez-Regueira, N., & Viñas‐Diz, S. (2016) · Fisioterapia · doi:10.1016/j.ft.2015.11.006 · Cited by 10
Aras, B., Seyyar, G. K., Kayan, D., & Aras, Ö. (2018) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-018-9644-7 · Cited by 6
Grinde, K., Myhre, J., & Finch, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3233/prm-180543 · Cited by 4
“Gross motor activities have been included in several PCIMT studies [6,7,10–12]; however, the specific time spent training gross motor skills was not clearly defined and/or the training failed to include the lower extremities and trunk.”
Schrank, J. (2013) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/pep.0b013e31827abaf4 · Cited by 4
Walker, R. L., O’Brien, T. D., Barton, G., Carter, B., Wright, D. M., & Foster, R. J. (2025) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.01.008 · Cited by 3
Asanza, V., Peláez, E., & Loayza, F. R. (2017) · IEEE Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM) · doi:10.1109/etcm.2017.8247452 · Cited by 3
“In addition, there are less frequently used rehabilitation techniques that they use: psychomotricity program [69], task training aimed at improving balance [70], healthy-side movement restriction therapy [71], progressive resistance training [72], functional electrostimulation [73], ground or pool kinesitherapy [2] an…”
MethodMeta-Analysis of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Hemiplegic Stroke Patient in Korea
Park, S.-Y., & In-Soo, S. (2012) · Physical Therapy Korea · doi:10.12674/ptk.2012.19.2.059 · Cited by 3
Qu, Y.-L., Harun, D., Chai, S. C., Ebner‐Karestinos, D., Araneda, R., & Zanudin, A. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091062 · Cited by 1
Reidy, T. G., Carney, J., Schoenbrodt, L., & Pidcock, F. S. (2018) · Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice · doi:10.1016/j.xjep.2018.02.006 · Cited by 1
Aplicabilidade terapêutica da teoria do controle motor dinâmica em neurologia adulto e infantil
Aquino, F. A. D. O., de Souza, C. A. B., Barbosa, M. D. L. C., Alvarez, R. B. P., Turienzo, T. T., Lanzillotta, P., & de Paula, É. B. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Assessing the effect of walking with a linkage-based gait trainer by analysing muscle activation
Kora, K., Ward, S., & McDaid, A. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea.2018.8438736
“Robotic gait training combined with physiotherapy has been shown to increase the likelihood of regaining independent walking ability after stroke [4, 5], and various non-paretic limb constraint-induced therapies have shown promise [6, 7].”
BackgroundLeblebici, G., Tarakçı, E., Akalan, E., & Kasapcopur, O. (2022) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.040
Arm Swing Movements during Walking as an Early Predictor of Multiple Sclerosis Progression
Leblebici, G., Ramari, C., Güngör, F., Ovacık, U., Soysal, A., Tarakçı, E., Feys, P., & Meyns, P. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14156605
Metadata
- Authors
- Zipp, G. P., & Winning, S.
- Affiliations
- Seton Hall University (US)
- Venue
- Pediatric Physical Therapy
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-68
- ISSN
- 0898-5669 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2031217987
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pediatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- constraint-induced movement therapy, cerebral palsy, children, gait, balance, cadence, walking speed, spatiotemporal gait parameters, Pediatric Balance Scale
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Child, Child, Preschool, Disability Evaluation, Postural Balance, Exercise Therapy, Female, Gait, Health Status Indicators, Hemiplegia, Humans, Male, Motor Skills, Movement, Movement Disorders, Paresis, Pilot Projects, Statistics as Topic, Statistics, Nonparametric, Physical Therapy Modalities, Mobility Limitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
