Does Anxiety Affect Risk of Dementia? Findings From the Caerphilly Prospective Study
Abstract
Objective To examine the association of anxiety with incident dementia and cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND). Methods We conducted a prospective study of men aged 48 to 67 years at baseline anxiety assessment; we measured cognition 17 years later. We studied 1481 men who were either eligible for examination or were known to have dementia. Trait Anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Psychological distress was assessed using the 30-item general health questionnaire. Cognitive screening was followed by a clinical examination. Medical notes and death certificates of those not seen were also examined. Outcomes were CIND and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) dementia. Results Of 1160 men who were cognitively screened, 174 cases of CIND and 69 cases of dementia were identified. A further 21 cases of dementia were identified from medical records. After adjustment for age, vascular risk factors and premorbid cognitive function associations with higher anxiety (31st-95th centile) were for CIND odds ratio (OR) 2.31 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.20-4.44) and for dementia OR 2.37 (95% CI = 0.98-5.71). These associations were slightly stronger for nonvascular (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.28-4.68) than for vascular impairment (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 0.77-4.89). Analyses of change in cognitive performance, assessed by the Cambridge Cognitive Examination of the Elderly subscales found some evidence for decline in…
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Deficits of cognitive functions result in worsened everyday functioning and are correlated with different dimensions of anxiety.
“Deficits of cognitive functions result in worsened everyday functioning and are correlated with different dimensions of anxiety (Gallacher et al . 2009).”
From Effectiveness of a training programme based on acceptance and commitment therapy aimed at older adults – no moderating role of cognitive functioning (2021) · cites this paper as Gallacher et al . 2009
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References 38 · Cited by 137
- Authors
- Gallacher, J., Bayer, A., Fish, M., Pickering, J., Pedro, S., Dunstan, F., Ebrahim, S., & Ben-Shlomo, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gallacher, John
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 659-666
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988104043
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- anxiety, dementia risk, cognitive decline, memory decline, men, vascular dementia, psychological distress, depression, dementia risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Aged, Ambulatory Care, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Status, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Proportional Hazards Models, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
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