The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 20 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Assassin bug uses aggressive mimicry to lure spider prey
Open accessAbstract
Assassin bugs (Stenolemus bituberus) hunt web-building spiders by invading the web and plucking the silk to generate vibrations that lure the resident spider into striking range. To test whether vibrations generated by bugs aggressively mimic the vibrations generated by insect prey, we compared the responses of spiders to bugs with how they responded to prey, courting male spiders and leaves falling into the web. We also analysed the associated vibrations. Similar spider orientation and approach behaviours were observed in response to vibrations from bugs and prey, whereas different behaviours were observed in response to vibrations from male spiders and leaves. Peak frequency and duration of vibrations generated by bugs were similar to those generated by prey and courting males. Further, vibrations from bugs had a temporal structure and amplitude that were similar to vibrations generated by leg and body movements of prey and distinctly different to vibrations from courting males or leaves, or prey beating their wings. To be an effective predator, bugs do not need to mimic the full range of prey vibrations. Instead bugs are general mimics of a subset of prey vibrations that fall within the range of vibrations classified by spiders as ‘prey’.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Assassin bugs (Stenolemus bituberus) lure web-building spiders by plucking silk to generate vibrations that spiders treat like struggling prey. The vibrations resemble a subset of prey-generated vibrations rather than a specific prey model, supporting aggressive mimicry as a general lure.
Key findings
- Spiders responded similarly to bugs and prey: vinegar flies versus bugs, p = 0.56; aphids versus bugs, p = 0.65; vinegar flies versus aphids, p = 1.00, whereas responses to courting males and leaves were significantly different (all p < 0.01).
- Spiders tended not to respond to leaves (65% no response), and female spiders responded to courting male vibrations by adopting a copulatory position.
- Vibrations from bugs had peak frequencies similar to those from prey and courting males, but bugs generated lower amplitudes than prey or leaves; after excluding initial impact vibrations, bug amplitudes only overlapped those of courting males.
- Linear discriminant analysis found significant variation among vibration sources, with 33.08% of vibrations misclassified, and the authors conclude bugs are general mimics of a subset of prey-like vibrations rather than specific prey mimics.
Methods
- Recorded spider responses and web vibrations in Achaearanea sp. webs to hunting S. bituberus bugs, struggling Drosophila melanogaster and aphids, courting male spiders, and leaves falling into webs; 20 examples each were recorded for bugs, vinegar flies, aphids, and leaves, plus 5 courting males.
- Used a laser vibrometer synchronized with video to measure frequency, amplitude, duration, and temporal structure of vibrations; analyzed responses with Fisher’s exact tests, repeated-measures MANOVA/ANOVA, Tukey’s tests, and linear discriminant analysis, applying Box-Cox transformations when data deviated from normality.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the physics of vibration propagation in three-dimensional webs is not well understood, and sample sizes varied slightly depending on whether a particular variable could be calculated from a vibration.
- Evident from the text: the study is laboratory-based, uses one spider genus (Achaearanea sp.), and has a small sample of courting males (n = 5), with no field validation reported.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Statistics
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Claims the paper makes
26 Own result · 12 Own interpretation · 11 Sources not found · 7 Own method · 4 No basis given
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vibrations generated by bugs occupied a narrower band of frequencies compared with the much more variable and often higher-frequency vibrations from both types of prey.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to wing-beating, prey ensnared in the web also make smaller-amplitude, slower movements such as pulling a leg or moving the head or thorax, which generate much lower-frequency and -amplitude vibrations.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only occasions when we observed spiders directly approaching prey were immediately after high-amplitude vibrations.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linear discriminant analysis showed that there was significant variation in frequency, amplitude and duration of vibrations generated by hunting bugs, struggling vinegar flies and aphids, courting male spiders and leaves falling into webs (Wilks's lambda: approx. F 12,12 610 ¼ 328.07, p , 0.01).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeated-measures ANOVA on vibration amplitude showed that bugs generated lower amplitudes than prey or leaves in webs ( F 84,4706 ¼ 64.51, p , 0.01; see figure 3 a for Tukey's tests).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to these vibrations, male spiders also generated a repeated, distinctive vibration (figure 4 h ) that was never observed from any of the other sources.”
- Also stated in: § 4. DISCUSSION · plain
“Courting males (the source that generated vibrations with the most overlap in peak frequency distribution with the prey) generate a temporally distinctive pattern that was not observed from any other source throughout interactions with females (figure 4 h ).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When these initial impact vibrations were excluded from the analyses, the amplitudes generated by bugs only overlapped those of courting males ( F 71,4634 ¼ 69.96, p , 0.01; see figure 3 c for Tukey's tests).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vibrations generated by bugs (figure 4 a ) were most similar to the short, low-amplitude vibrations generated by prey moving their body or limbs (figure 4 c , d ) and courting males (figure 4 g ).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“How spiders responded to bugs was extremely similar to how spiders responded to prey (Fisher's exact tests, vinegar flies versus bugs: p ¼ 0.56; aphids versus bugs: p ¼ 0.65; vinegar flies versus aphids, p ¼ 1.00).”
- Also stated in: § Assassin bug uses aggressive mimicry to lure spider prey · plain
“Similar spider orientation and approach behaviours were observed in response to vibrations from bugs and prey”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Assassin bug uses aggressive mimicry to lure spider prey · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeated-measures ANOVA on the peak frequencies showed that the vibrations generated by bugs plucking silk and vinegar flies struggling in the web were of significantly higher peak frequency than those generated by leaves falling in the web ( F 84,4704 ¼ 58.89, p , 0.01; see figure 2 for Tukey's tests).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was substantial overlap in the frequency, amplitude and/or duration of vibrations generated by each source, with 33.08 per cent of vibrations misclassified (i.e. resembling more than one vibration source; electronic supplementary material).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Spiders are dangerous prey, and we have observed bugs being counter-attacked, killed and eaten by the spider they were hunting [24,25].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spider responses to other vibration sources were significantly different (all p , 0.01; figure 1).”
- Also stated in: § Assassin bug uses aggressive mimicry to lure spider prey · plain
“whereas different behaviours were observed in response to vibrations from male spiders and leaves.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Assassin bug uses aggressive mimicry to lure spider prey · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences among vibration sources in the response latency (i.e. time elapsing from the last vibration until the spider responded; whole model F 4,67 ¼ 1.84, p ¼ 0.13) or in the number of vibrations preceding the spider's response ( F 4,67 ¼ 1.11, p ¼ 0.36).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wing beats of struggling prey were of much higher amplitude, of longer duration, and of both more variable and higher frequency than body and limb movements; again, such vibrations were never observed from bugs (figure 4 i , j ).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leaves falling into the web generated a high-amplitude pulse of vibration on the initial impact with the web, but rarely generated any subsequent vibrations.”
- Also stated in: § ( b ) Vibratory characteristics of stimuli · plain
“After the initial impact, leaves made few, if any, subsequent vibrations in the web.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § ( b ) Vibratory characteristics of stimuli · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While prey also generate an initial high-amplitude vibration upon impact with the web, they also produce numerous vibrations after impact as they struggle.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, prey continued generating high-amplitude vibrations from wing beating and low-amplitude vibrations from movements of the limbs and body.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The initial vibrations generated by both prey and leaves were characterized by a single high-amplitude vibration generated by impact with the web (figure 4 b , e , f ), and such vibrations were never observed in bugs or males.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there were some similarities to the vibrations generated by leaves and courting males, these vibrations also show clear differences in fine structure to those generated by bugs and prey.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Web-building spiders rely on vibrations in their webs to detect, identify and locate intercepted prey, and respond in a characteristic and predictable manner [14-17].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bugs hence appear to aggressively mimic a broad class of prey-like vibrations that are effective at soliciting approaches but are also unlikely to elicit highly aggressive, dangerous responses.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“While bugs hunt web-building spiders from several genera they most often hunt spiders from the genus Achaearanea (Theridiidae [24]) and use luring to bring these spiders within range of attack [25].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trials in which the leaf did not stick to the web were aborted.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Care was taken not to damage the web. If damage did occur, the web was set aside and was not used in trials until the following day, allowing the spider time to repair the damage.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the prey did not stick in the web, we aborted the trial and set up a new spider.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These wings were used as focal points for the laser vibrometer to record transverse vibrations, while minimizing the loading on the web [17].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“To date, only one previous study has demonstrated a resemblance between vibratory signals used by web-invading spiders to manipulate prey spider behaviour and those generated by prey struggling in the prey spider's web [23].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recordings began 5 min after placing wings in the web, during which time the spider could settle down if it had been disturbed during the set-up of equipment.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual spiders were housed in the laboratory inside wooden frames (20 -20 -3 cm) for at least 2 days before being used in a trial, allowing them to build webs.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In a three-dimensional web such as that of Achaearanea , this can generate vibrations in the high-frequency range observed, whereas in two-dimensional webs the frequencies generated by prey appear to be much lower (compare [31] with [17]).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When data deviated significantly from a normal distribution, we used a Box-Cox transformation [27].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the physics of vibration propagation in three-dimensional webs is not well understood, the behaviour of prey is able to generate higher-frequency vibrations in the web than is observed from bugs.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trials were aborted if hunting did not begin within 30 min.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiments were conducted inside a sound-attenuating chamber (1.8 -1.8 -2 m) on a vibration-isolating table (Kinetic Systems, USA) under full spectrum lighting.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The spiders' responses to the treatments are mediated by web vibrations alone, not by visual or other cues from the source.
“Web-building spiders rely on vibrations in their webs to detect, identify and locate intercepted prey, and respond in a characteristic and predictable manner [14-17].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ ( b ) Vibratory characteristics of stimuli
“We also compared amplitudes of the first vibration generated in the web of each recording, as these include the initial 'impact' with the web. Initial amplitudes generated by bugs and courting males were lower than those from prey or leaves ( F 4,81 ¼ 96.15, p , 0.01; see figure 3 b for Tukey's tests).”
§ ( a ) Study animals
“We recorded 20 examples each of hunting by bugs, struggles of vinegar flies and aphids, and leaves falling into the web. We also recorded five examples of courting male spiders.”
Citations
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Venoms of Heteropteran Insects: A Treasure Trove of Diverse Pharmacological Toolkits
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“Araneophagic emesine bugs have evolved convergently to araneophagic spiders [117] in developing a form of aggressive mimicry in which plucking of web strands is used to produce vibrations that manipulate the behaviour of the prey spider [118–121].”
BackgroundThe evolutionary ecology of deception
Mökkönen, M., & Lindstedt, C. (2015) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12208 · Cited by 95
“In aggressive mimicry, predators or parasites rely on a deceptive tactic by falsely imitating a signal to ‘trap’ their prey, such as with the assassin bug that hunts web-building spiders by mimicking vibrations of insect prey (Ruxton et al., 2004; Marshall & Hill, 2009; Wignall & Taylor, 2011).”
BackgroundAvian vocal mimicry: a unified conceptual framework
Dalziell, A. H., Welbergen, J. A., Igic, B., & Magrath, R. D. (2014) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12129 · Cited by 84
“Similarly, common acoustic features of the environment may also lead to similar vocalisations (e.g. Wiley, 1991; Badyaev & Leaf, 1997), although a high degree of resemblance is unlikely in this case.”
BackgroundDalziell, A. H., & Welbergen, J. A. (2016) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12602 · Cited by 81
Predator-Prey Interactions and Eavesdropping in Vibrational Communication Networks
Virant‐Doberlet, M., Kuhelj, A., Polajnar, J., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00203 · Cited by 78
Jackson, R. R., & Cross, F. R. (2011) · Advances in insect physiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415919-8.00003-3 · Cited by 78
Zhang, J., Gordon, E. R. L., Forthman, M., Hwang, W. S., Walden, K. K. O., Swanson, D. R., Johnson, K. P., Meier, R., & Weirauch, C. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22177 · Cited by 75
“This group has also evolved diverse morphological and behavioral adaptations for prey capture that include various modifications of the forelegs 6,11–18 , such as hairy attachment structures known as the “fossula spongiosa”, chelate or subchelate forelegs, elaborate armature, and the application of…”
Dangerous mating systems: Signal complexity, signal content and neural capacity in spiders
Herberstein, M. E., Wignall, A. E., Hebets, E. A., et al. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.018 · Cited by 52
“, males produce low amplitude but highly repetitive courtship vibrations (Wignall and Taylor, 2011), quite distinct from prey vibrations.”
Self-citationWignall, A. E., & Herberstein, M. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053057 · Cited by 43
“These silver wings were used as focal points for the beam of the laser vibrometer, providing a wide focal area while minimising the weight added to the web that may distort vibrations [23,24].”
Self-citationA cognitive perspective on aggressive mimicry
Jackson, R. R., & Cross, F. R. (2013) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12036 · Cited by 41
Asakura, M., Matsumura, K., Ishihara, R., et al. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8533 · Cited by 39
Male courtship vibrations delay predatory behaviour in female spiders
Wignall, A. E., & Herberstein, M. E. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03557 · Cited by 39
Self-citationYack, J. E. (2016) · Springer handbook of auditory research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28890-1_5 · Cited by 38
A meal or a male: the ‘whispers’ of black widow males do not trigger a predatory response in females
Vibert, S., Scott, C., & Gries, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/1742-9994-11-4 · Cited by 35
“As yet little is known about how males signal their presence when they enter a female’s web [17,18], or about vibrations that entangled and struggling prey produce [15,19].”
BackgroundHoving, H., Zeidberg, L. D., Benfield, M. C., Bush, S. L., Robison, B. H., & Vecchione, M. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1463 · Cited by 35
de Jager, M. L., & Anderson, B. (2019) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13346 · Cited by 33
Crab Spider Lures Prey In Flowerless Neighborhoods
Vieira, C., Ramires, E. N., Vasconcellos‐Neto, J., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09456-y · Cited by 31
Soley, F., Jackson, R., & Taylor, P. W. (2011) · New Zealand Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1080/03014223.2011.604092 · Cited by 30
Self-citationGlaudas, X., & Alexander, G. J. (2016) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2244-6 · Cited by 29
“…the food dropped by other small predators that are deceived into running for their lives (Flower 2011), and web-invading spiders and assassin bugs lure web-building spiders within catching range by producing vibrations that resemble prey entangled in the web (Jackson 1992; Wignall and Taylor 2011).”
BackgroundExploitation of environmental noise by an araneophagic assassin bug
Wignall, A. E., Jackson, R. R., Wilcox, R. S., et al. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.038 · Cited by 27
Self-citationAnderson, B., & de Jager, M. L. (2019) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12564 · Cited by 25
Mimicry, Camouflage and Perceptual Exploitation: the Evolution of Deception in Nature
Font, E. (2018) · Biosemiotics · doi:10.1007/s12304-018-9339-6 · Cited by 23
Jackson, R. R., & Nelson, X. J. (2011) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-010-0258-5 · Cited by 21
Standring, S., Forero, D., & Weirauch, C. (2023) · Systematic Entomology · doi:10.1111/syen.12603 · Cited by 21
“One of the few species of Emesinae with well-documented biology, Stenolemus bitu-berus Stål, uses two alternative behaviours to catch spiders: luring and stalking (Wignall & Taylor, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Roles of Colour and Shape in Pollinator Deception in the Orchid Mantis H ymenopus coronatus
O’Hanlon, J. C. (2014) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12238 · Cited by 20
Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats
Randall, J. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_7 · Cited by 19
Kemp, D. J., Holmes, C., Congdon, B. C., et al. (2013) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12172 · Cited by 19
Nest usurpation: a specialised hunting strategy used to overcome dangerous spider prey
Michálek, O., Lubin, Y., & Pekár, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41664-6 · Cited by 13
Araneophagic assassin bugs choose routes that minimize risk of detection by web-building spiders
Soley, F. G., & Taylor, P. W. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.016 · Cited by 19
“For example, Stenolemus bituberus has a complex predatory strategy in which they may either stalk web-building spiders with cautious approaches or lure them within capture range by generating web-borne vibrations (Wignall & Taylor 2011; Wignall et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCastro‐Huertas, V., Forero, D., & Grazia, J. (2019) · Zoomorphology · doi:10.1007/s00435-019-00431-x · Cited by 17
Assessment of plant structural characteristics, health, and ecology using bioacoustic tools
Mankin, R. W., Stanaland, D., Haseeb, M. A., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of meetings on acoustics · doi:10.1121/2.0000902 · Cited by 16
Ploys and counterploys of assassin bugs and their dangerous spider prey
Taylor, P. W., & Soley, F. G. (2013) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003059 · Cited by 15
Self-citationExtreme short-term repeatability of male courtship performance in a tropical orb-web spider
Wignall, A. E., Kemp, D. J., & Herberstein, M. E. (2014) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/aru083 · Cited by 15
Self-citationVibrational Communication in Insects
Tishechkin, D. Y. (2022) · Entomological Review · doi:10.1134/s001387382206001x · Cited by 14
“The signals produced by the hunting bug differ from those produced by a male spider during courtship or from the vibrations generated by leaves and other objects entangled in the web (Wignall and Taylor, 2011).”
BackgroundNeotropical Birds Respond Innately to Unfamiliar Acoustic Signals
Sandoval, L., & Wilson, D. R. (2022) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/720441 · Cited by 9
“…of prey, birds starving their offspring by prioritizing brood parasites (Soler 2017), and prey such as fireflies (Lloyd 1965), fish (Pietsch and Grobecker 1978), lizards (Chiszar et al. 1990), and spiders (Wignall and Taylor 2011) being lured to their death by their predators’ deceptive signals.”
BackgroundRatz, T., Bourdiol, J., Moreau, S., et al. (2023) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-023-05427-5 · Cited by 9
Vibrational Signals: Sounds Transmitted Through Solids
Rodrı́guez, R. L., & Desjonquères, C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90702-7 · Cited by 9
“…2011; Laumann et al., 2007, 2011; Virant-Doberlet et al., 2011), or to aggressively mimic the prey species’ prey to lure and approach them (Jackson and Brassington, 1987; Wignall and Taylor, 2011), or even to aggressively mimic the prey species’ courtship signals (Jackson and Wilcox, 1990).”
BackgroundSoley, F. G. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160573 · Cited by 9
“Spiders often ignore large-scale disturbances in their webs, such as those caused by wind or falling debris [29], and one could regard reckless breaking of threads as a self-generated ‘smokescreen’ tactic [26] used by the bugs to conceal themselves from the spiders.”
BackgroundTurchen, L. M., Cosme, L., Yack, J. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pest Science · doi:10.1007/s10340-022-01496-2 · Cited by 8
“…such as detecting prey or hosts, avoiding predators or parasitoids (Pfannenstiel et al. 1995; Meyhöfer et al. 1997; Castellanos and Barbosa 2006; Wignall and Taylor 2011; Guedes et al. 2012), or avoiding conflicts (Yack et al. 2001; 2014; Fletcher et al. 2006; Scott et al. 2010; Kojima et al.…”
BackgroundWasp mimicry among Palaeocene reduviid bug from Svalbard
Wappler, T. (2012) · Acta Palaeontologica Polonica · doi:10.4202/app.2011.0202 · Cited by 8
“…involved in many mimetic complexes, in− cluding often with hymenopteran models, particularly ants and wasps, sometimes bees, but also spiders or even other Heteroptera (Schuh and Slater 1995; Zrzavy 1994; Santiago−Blay and Maldo− nado−Capriles 1988; Ambrose−Dunston 2003; Wignall and Taylor 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialAggressive Mimicry and the Evolution of the Human Cognitive Niche
Moser, C. J., Buckner, W., Sarian, M., et al. (2023) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-023-09458-y · Cited by 7
“Similar examples have also been described in spider-eating assassin bugs (Wignall & Taylor, 2011 ).”
BackgroundTihelka, E., Engel, M. S., Huang, D., et al. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101280 · Cited by 6
Male courtship reduces the risk of female aggression in web-building spiders but varies in structure
Wignall, A. E., & Herberstein, M. E. (2021) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arab140 · Cited by 6
Self-citationVENOMOUS SALIVA OF NON-HAEMATOPHAGOUS REDUVIID BUGS (HETEROPTERA: REDUVIIDAE): A REVIEW
Evangelin, G., Horne, B., Muthupandi, M., et al. (2022) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.7214083 · Cited by 6
Matsumura, K., & Miyatake, T. (2022) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.13272 · Cited by 5
Chemical Prey Luring in Jackson’s Chameleons
Preest, M. R., Ward, M. J., Poon, T. H. W., et al. (2016) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/685455 · Cited by 4
“DOI: 10.1086/685455 Grobecker 1978; Drummond and Gordon 1979; Chizar et al. 1990; Welsh and Lind 2000; Wignall and Taylor 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining Flashing as a Potential Prey Lure in the ‘Disco’ Clam,Ctenoides ales
Dougherty, L. F., Niebergall, A. K., & Meyer, K. E. (2016) · American Malacological Bulletin · doi:10.4003/006.034.0213 · Cited by 4
Bulbert, M., & Wignall, A. E. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.077 · Cited by 4
Self-citationDesert ants avoid ambush predator pits depending on position, visual landmarks and trapped nestmates
Bar, A., Raveh-Pal, E., Subach, A., et al. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.241500 · Cited by 3
Tool use aids prey-fishing in a specialist predator of stingless bees
Chen, Z.-Y., Tian, L., Ge, J., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2422597122 · Cited by 3
“In this context, attracting fast - moving bees into their hunting range could be beneficial, a strategy also observed in other assassin bugs ( 39 , 47 ).”
Mimicry in Insects: An Illustrated Study in Mimicry and Cryptic Coloration in Insects
Schultz, M. (2018) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 3
Are some species ‘robust’ to exploitation? Explaining persistence in deceptive relationships
Brunton-Martin, A., O’Hanlon, J. C., & Gaskett, A. C. (2022) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-022-10174-9 · Cited by 3
Nakamura, S., Mukai, H., & Tokuda, M. (2022) · Invertebrate Biology · doi:10.1111/ivb.12388 · Cited by 3
“A web-building spider, Achaearanea sp. distinguished vibrations generated from leaves and prey insects impacting the web (Wignall & Taylor, 2011).”
Chen, Z., Zhao, T., Wu, Y., Ishikawa, T., Li, H., & Cai, W. (2025) · Insect Systematics and Diversity · doi:10.1093/isd/ixaf062 · Cited by 2
Tiny caterpillars assess threats by the footsteps of their enemies
Mauduit, E., Matheson, S. M., & Yack, J. E. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.252329 · Cited by 2
“…(Brownell and van Hemmen, 2001; Devetak, 2014; Meyhöfer et al., 1994; Pfannenstiel et al., 1995), predators luring prey through vibratory mimicry (Wignall and Taylor, 2011), and prey avoiding enemy attacks through vibratory crypsis by staying motionless (Djemai et al., 2001; Kojima et al., 2012;…”
Suzuki, Y., & Petcharad, B. (2023) · Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.japb.2023.02.006 · Cited by 2
Chen, Z., Li, H., & Cai, W. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16010070 · Cited by 2
Assassin bugs can reduce the aggression of their spider prey before an attack
Wignall, A. E., & Soley, F. G. (2021) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blab128 · Cited by 2
Self-citationA new species of Nabidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Cimicomorpha) from Dominican amber
Ma, Y., Du, S., Ren, D., et al. (2024) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2383705 · Cited by 1
“…and hind legs several times longer than their bodies, aid them when moving in spider webs by dispersing their weight across the web (Weirauch 2005; Wignall and Taylor 2010, 2013; Soley and Taylor 2012); fore femur notably elongated and bears spines on the ventral surface, serving in probing and…”
Predatory flexibility of an araneophagic assassin bug derives from a few behavioural rules
Soley, F. G. (2024) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.02.013 · Cited by 1
Marine Creatures With a Difference
Joseph, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809357-3.00008-4 · Cited by 1
Testing for mimicry—An evolutionary biologist’s wish list
Gaskett, A. C. (2019) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13398 · Cited by 1
Mafulemesa schuhi(Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae), a New Species from Australia
Tatarnic, N. J. (2012) · Entomologica Americana · doi:10.1664/12-ra-027.1
“…of most emesines are unknown, several species are associated with spider and psocid webs (see Wygodzinsky, 1966 for a review), where some are kleptoparasites and others hunt the spiders themselves, either by stealth (Soley and Taylor, 2012) or by mimicking prey (Wignall and Taylor, 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundTwo new records of the family Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from the Korean Peninsula
Kim, J., Lee, H., & Jung, S. (2019) · Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.japb.2019.09.009
Cross, F. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_113-1
Cross, F. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_113
Do conspicuous tails and dietary shifts indicate luring behavior in vipers (Serpentes Viperidae)?
Giozza, A. P., Slobodian, V., Diele‐Viegas, L. M., Magalhães, R. S., Heliópolis, M. O., & BRANDÃO, R. A. (2026) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/03949370.2026.2630806
“This strategy spans several animal taxa, from invertebrates (Jackson 1992; Marshall & Hill 2009; Wignall & Taylor 2011; Ramya et al. 2017) to vertebrates (Atkinson 1997; Harrel & Stringer 1997).”
Chen, Z., Li, H., & Cai, W. (2026) · Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny · doi:10.3897/asp.84.e181309
The floral illusion: A parasitic beetle mimics the scent of flowers to attract bees
Alam, R. M., Kessler, D., Vogel, H., Luck, K., David, A., Kunert, M., Brehm, G., Kaltenpoth, M., O'Connor, S. E., & Köllner, T. G. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2602521123
“After approximately 3 wk, egg clutches hatched synchronously, and aggregating triungula were harvested for volatile analysis ( SI Appendix , Fig.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wignall, A. E., & Taylor, P. W.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wignall, Anne E.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2010-10-27
- Volume
- 278
- Issue
- 1710
- Pages
- 1427-1433
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC3061146
- OpenAlex
- W2108076213
- Semantic Scholar
- ef9e6e53aeb2c79cc5a68583add2f49f7ebab39e
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- Reduviidae, aggressive mimicry, spider predation, web vibration, web-building spiders, insect predation
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Animals, Animal Communication, Female, Male, Predatory Behavior, Spiders, Vibration, Reduviidae, Food Chain
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