Metacognition and reasoning
Open accessAbstract
This article considers the cognitive architecture of human meta-reasoning: that is, metacognition concerning one's own reasoning and decision-making. The view we defend is that meta-reasoning is a cobbled-together skill comprising diverse self-management strategies acquired through individual and cultural learning. These approximate the monitoring-and-control functions of a postulated adaptive system for metacognition by recruiting mechanisms that were designed for quite other purposes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Medical training aims to develop not just technical competency but metacognitive maturity: the capacity to monitor one's own reasoning, recognise uncertainty, tolerate ambiguity, and maintain intellectual humility.
“Medical training aims to develop not just technical competency but metacognitive maturity: the capacity to monitor one's own reasoning, recognise uncertainty, tolerate ambiguity, and maintain intellectual humility 36 .”
From AI-induced never-skilling in medical education (2026) · cites this paper as [36]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 112 · Cited by 83
- Authors
- Fletcher, L., & Carruthers, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- ORCID
- Carruthers, Peter
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2012-05-19
- Volume
- 367
- Issue
- 1594
- Pages
- 1366-1378
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC3318763
- OpenAlex
- W2147051952
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- metacognition, meta-reasoning, self-management strategies, cognitive architecture, decision-making, monitoring and control, adaptive systems, cultural learning, individual learning
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Decision Making, Humans, Models, Psychological, Problem Solving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
