Effector Mechanisms of Rejection
Open accessAbstract
Organ transplantation appears today to be the best alternative to replace the loss of vital organs induced by various diseases. Transplants can, however, also be rejected by the recipient. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and the cells/molecules involved in acute and chronic rejections. T cells and B cells mainly control the antigen-specific rejection and act either as effector, regulatory, or memory cells. On the other hand, nonspecific cells such as endothelial cells, NK cells, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear cells are also crucial actors of transplant rejection. Last, beyond cells, the high contribution of antibodies, chemokines, and complement molecules in graft rejection is discussed in this article. The understanding of the different components involved in graft rejection is essential as some of them are used in the clinic as biomarkers to detect and quantify the level of rejection.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Acute rejection results from an imbalance of immune activation from cellular and humoral antidonor responses over immune quiescence suppressor mechanisms.
“AR arises from an imbalance of immune activation (IA) related to cellular and humoral antidonor responses (e.g., effector CD4+, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and donor-specific antibodies) over immune quiescence (IQ) suppressor countermechanisms (e.g., regulatory T cells) (27–30).”
From The Blood Proteoform Atlas: A reference map of proteoforms in human hematopoietic cells (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 322 · Cited by 189
- Authors
- Moreau, A., Varey, E., Anegon, I., & Cuturi, M.-C.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- a015461-a015461
- ISSN
- 2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3808773
- OpenAlex
- W2118059805
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 322
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Transplantation › Renal Transplantation Outcomes and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Transplantation › Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research
- Keywords
- organ transplantation, graft rejection, acute rejection, chronic rejection, T cells, B cells, regulatory T cells, memory T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, immunoglobulins, chemokines, complement system, rejection biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Chronic Disease, Fibrosis, Graft Rejection, Humans, Immunity, Innate, T-Lymphocytes, Transplantation Immunology, B-Lymphocyte Subsets, Chemokines, Endothelial Cells, Mice, Rats, Adaptive Immunity, Allografts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
