Running is the neurogenic and neurotrophic stimulus in environmental enrichment
Open accessAbstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) increases dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. However, running is considered an element of EE. To dissociate effects of physical activity and enrichment on hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF levels, young female C57Bl/6 mice were housed under control, running, enrichment, or enrichment plus running conditions, and injected with bromodeoxyuridine. Cell genesis was assessed after 12 d and differentiation was analyzed 1 mo later. In addition, locomotor activity in the open field and hippocampal mature BDNF peptide levels were measured. Open-field adaptation was improved in all groups, compared to controls, but more so with running. New cell proliferation, survival, neuron number, and neurotrophin levels were enhanced only when running was accessible. We conclude that exercise is the critical factor mediating increased BDNF levels and adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Exercise increases hippocampus volume and blood flow to this part of the brain in rodents and humans.
“Studies in rodents (81) and humans (82) have shown that exercise increases hippocampus volume and the blood flow to this part of the brain (81).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
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References 31 · Cited by 385
- Authors
- Kobilo, T., Liu, Q.-R., Gandhi, K., Mughal, M., Shaham, Y., & van Praag, H.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2011-08-30
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 605-609
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC3166785
- OpenAlex
- W2059093737
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, running, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, dentate gyrus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, physical activity, locomotor activity, neurogenesis, neurotrophins
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Bromodeoxyuridine, Cell Survival, Environment, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nerve Growth Factors, Neurons, Running, Dentate Gyrus, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Neurogenesis
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