Associative memory in three aplysiids: correlation with heterosynaptic modulation.
Open accessAbstract
Much recent research on mechanisms of learning and memory focuses on the role of heterosynaptic neuromodulatory signaling. Such neuromodulation appears to stabilize Hebbian synaptic changes underlying associative learning, thereby extending memory. Previous comparisons of three related sea-hares (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) uncovered interspecific variation in neuromodulatory signaling: strong in Aplysia californica,immeasureable in Dolabrifera dolabrifera,and intermediate in Phyllaplysia taylori.The present study addressed whether this interspecific variation in neuromodulation is correlated with memory of associative (classical conditioning) learning. We differentially conditioned the tail-mantle withdrawal reflex of each of the three species: Mild touch to one side of the tail was paired with a noxious electrical stimulus to the neck. Mild touch to the other side served as an internal control. Post-training reflex amplitudes were tested 15–30 min after training and compared with pre-test amplitudes. All three species showed conditioning: training increased the paired reflex more than the unpaired reflex. However, the temporal pattern of conditioning varied between species.Aplysia showed modest conditioning that grew across the post-test period.Dolabrifera showed distinctly short-lived conditioning, present only on the first post-test. The time course of memory in Phyllaplysia was intermediate, although not statistically distinguishable from the other two species. Taken together, these experiments suggest that evolutionary changes in nonassociative heterosynaptic modulation may contribute to evolutionary changes in the stability of the memory of classical conditioning.
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No UAL has been found in aplysiid mollusks, flat worms, or annelids.
“No UAL has been found in aplysiid mollusks (Marinesco et al., 2003; Hoover et al., 2006), flat worms (Jacobson et al., 1967; Nicolas et al., 2008; Prados et al., 2013) or annelids (Crisp and Burrell, 2009; Shain, 2009).”
From The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning (2016) · cites this paper as Hoover et al., 2006
The Results and Discussion report classical conditioning and the duration of associative memory in three aplysiid species. The paper does not assess UAL or state that none has been found in aplysiids (searched: UAL, unlimited associative learning, and complex associative learning). The citations for flatworms and annelids are separate, so this verdict concerns only the aplysiid claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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References 35 · Cited by 9
- Authors
- Hoover, B. A., Nguyen, H., Thompson, L., & Wright, W. G.
- Affiliations
- Chapman University (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, William G.
- ORCID
- Hoover, Brian A.
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 820-826
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC1783637
- OpenAlex
- W2153908615
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2022: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0304983, 9632069, 0131743)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- associative memory, neuromodulation, classical conditioning, Aplysia californica, sea slugs, interspecific variation, memory stability, Hebbian synaptic plasticity, evolution of memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Memory, Mollusca, Synaptic Transmission, Species Specificity
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