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Photons and Gravitons inS-Matrix Theory: Derivation of Charge Conservation and Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass
Abstract
We give a purely $S$-matrix-theoretic proof of the conservation of charge (defined by the strength of soft photon interactions) and the equality of gravitational and inertial mass. Our only assumptions are the Lorentz invariance and pole structure of the $S$ matrix, and the zero mass and spins 1 and 2 of the photon and graviton. We also prove that Lorentz invariance alone requires the $S$ matrix for emission of a massless particle of arbitrary integer spin to satisfy a "mass-shell gauge invariance" condition, and we explain why there are no macroscopic fields corresponding to particles of spin 3 or higher.
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Citations
Cited by
Photon and graviton mass limits
Goldhaber, A. S., & Nieto, M. M. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.939 · Cited by 445
How higher-spin gravity surpasses the spin-two barrier
Bekaert, X., Boulanger, N., & Sundell, P. A. (2012) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.987 · Cited by 289
The exchange of massless spin-two particles
Van Der Bij, J. J., Van Dam, H., & Ng, Y. J. (1982) · Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/0378-4371(82)90247-3 · Cited by 254
Metadata
- Authors
- Weinberg, S.
- Venue
- Physical Review
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1964-08-24
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 4B
- Pages
- B1049-B1056
- ISSN
- 0031-899X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092254751
- Cited by
- 750
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Photons and Gravitons inS-Matrix Theory: Derivation of Charge Conservation and Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1103/physrev.135.b1049
- The paper
- Weinberg, S. (1964). Photons and Gravitons inS-Matrix Theory: Derivation of Charge Conservation and Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass. Physical Review. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.135.b1049
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