Subhertz linewidth diode lasers by stabilization to vibrationally and thermally compensated ultralow-expansion glass Fabry-Pérot cavities

Abstract

We achieved a 0.5 Hz optical beat note linewidth with $\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\text{ }\text{Hz}/\text{s}$ frequency drift at 972 nm between two external cavity diode lasers independently stabilized to two vertically mounted Fabry-P\'erot (FP) reference cavities with a finesse of 400 000. Vertical FP reference cavities are suspended in midplane such that the influence of vertical vibrations to the mirror separation is significantly suppressed. This makes the setup virtually immune for vertical vibrations that are more difficult to isolate than horizontal vibrations. To compensate for thermal drifts the FP spacers are made from ultralow-expansion (ULE) glass which possesses a zero linear expansion coefficient. A design using Peltier elements in vacuum allows operation at an optimal temperature where the quadratic temperature expansion of ULE could be eliminated as well. The measured linear drift of such ULE FP cavity of 63 mHz/s was due to material aging and the residual frequency fluctuations were less than $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20\text{ }\text{Hz}$ during 16 h of measurement. Some part of the temperature-caused drift is attributed to the thermal expansion of the mirror coatings. Thermally induced fluctuations that cause vibrations of the mirror surfaces limit the stability of our cavity. By comparing two similar laser systems we obtain an Allan instability of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ between 0.1 and 10 s averaging time, which is close to the theoretical thermal noise limit.