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Phase transitions in warm, asymmetric nuclear matter
Open accessAbstract
A relativistic mean-field model of nuclear matter with arbitrary proton fraction is studied at finite temperature. An analysis is performed of the liquid-gas phase transition in a system with two conserved charges (baryon number and isospin) using the stability conditions on the free energy, the conservation laws, and Gibbs' criteria for phase equilibrium. For a binary system with two phases, the coexistence surface (binodal) is two dimensional. The Maxwell construction through the phase-separation region is discussed, and it is shown that the stable configuration can be determined uniquely at every density. Moreover, because of the greater dimensionality of the binodal surface, the liquid-gas phase transition is continuous (second order by Ehrenfest's definition), rather than discontinuous (first order), as in familiar one-component systems. Using a mean-field equation of state calibrated to the properties of nuclear matter and finite nuclei, various phase-separation scenarios are considered. The model is then applied to the liquid-gas phase transition that may occur in the warm, dilute matter produced in energetic heavy-ion collisions. In asymmetric matter, instabilities that produce a liquid-gas phase separation arise from fluctuations in the proton concentration (chemical instability), rather than from fluctuations in the baryon density (mechanical instability).
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“Bimodality: in coexistence the order parameter features bimodality from the two coexisting phases. Such bimodality was reported in the distribution of fragments in Au + Au collisions at energies in the range 60 -100 MeV / nucleon.”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [162]
In the citing paper
“Statistically significant evidence for spinodal fragmentation in Xe + Sn collisions at energies 32 -45 MeV / nucleon.”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [162]
In the citing paper
“Negative specific heat: the microcanonical heat capacity is a thermodynamic quantity that features a negative branch in the coexistence region, signaling again an instability. The results of the experiments are in agreement with such a negative branch of the microcanonical heat capacity for finite nuclei in a region of coexistence.”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [162]
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Rios, A., Polls, A., Ramos, A., & Müther, H. (2008) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.78.044314 · Cited by 49
Probing isospin- and momentum-dependent nuclear effective interactions in neutron-rich matter
Chen, L.-W., Ko, C. M., Li, B.-A., Xu, C., & Xu, J. (2014) · The European Physical Journal A · doi:10.1140/epja/i2014-14029-6 · Cited by 47
Isotopic compositions and scalings
Colonna, M., & Tsang, M. B. (2006) · The European Physical Journal A · doi:10.1140/epja/i2006-10114-9 · Cited by 47
Lowest-order constrained variational calculation for hot asymmetric nuclear matter
Modarres, M. (1997) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/23/8/007 · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Müller, H., & Serot, B. D.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review C
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1995-10-01
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2072-2091
- ISSN
- 0556-2813 (ISSN-L)
- 1089-490X
- OpenAlex
- W2000948050
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review C (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Nuclear physics research studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
- Keywords
- liquid-gas phase transition, asymmetric nuclear matter, relativistic mean field, finite temperature, baryon number, isospin, Maxwell equal area construction, Gibbs phase rule, second-order phase transition, chemical instability, heavy-ion collisions, equation of state
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