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Cited by 37Pulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchBlack Holes and Theoretical PhysicsAstrophysical Phenomena and Observations

Black hole binaries and light fields: Gravitational molecules

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Ikeda, Taishi, Bernard, Laura, Cardoso, Vitor, Zilhão, Miguel·2021·Physical Review D
DOI 10.1103/physrevd.103.024020
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Abstract

We show that light scalars can form quasibound states around binaries. In the nonrelativistic regime, these states are formally described by the quantum-mechanical Schr\"odinger equation for a one-electron heteronuclear diatomic molecule. We performed extensive numerical simulations of scalar fields around black hole binaries, showing that a scalar structure condenses around the binary---we dub these states ``gravitational molecules.'' We further show that these are well described by the perturbative, nonrelativistic description.

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  • Gravitational atoms and molecules are clouds of scalar fields or massive vector fields surrounding a black hole or a black hole binary.

    “Closely related to Bose stars are gravitational atoms and molecules, which are clouds of scalar fields or massive vector fields surrounding a black hole, or a black hole binary [44, 45].”

    From Gravitational memory and compact extra dimensions (2022) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Introduction (p. 1) describes gravitational atoms as long-lived massive-scalar states around single black holes, and the opening summary (p. 1) calls scalar structures around black-hole binaries gravitational molecules. These passages support the scalar-field portion of the claim, but the paper does not establish the massive-vector-field portion. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ikeda, T., Bernard, L., Cardoso, V., & Zilhão, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Lisbon (PT)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID
Venue
Physical Review D
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2021-01-12
Volume
103
Issue
2
Pages
024020
ISSN
  • 2470-0010 (ISSN-L)
  • 2470-0029
DOI
10.1103/physrevd.103.024020
OpenAlex
W3089365061
Cited by
37
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7
FWCI
3.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
  • Physical review. D/Physical review. D. (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • H2020 European Research Council (MaGRaTh–646597, DarkGRA–757480)
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (IF/00729/2015, PTDC/MAT-APL/30043/2017)
  • H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (690904)
  • European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA16104)
  • Instituto Superior Técnico
  • Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Keywords
binary black holes, light scalar fields, quasi-bound states, scalar field condensation, non-relativistic approximation, scalar perturbations

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