Statistical mechanics of the (2+1)-dimensional black hole
Open accessAbstract
The presence of a horizon breaks the gauge invariance of (2+1)-dimensional general relativity, leading to the appearance of new physical states at the horizon. I show that the entropy of the (2+1)-dimensional black hole can be obtained as the logarithm of the number of these microscopic states.
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For 2+1 black hole solutions, dynamics at either the horizon or the boundary at infinity can lead to local degrees of freedom.
“For such solutions, dynamics at either the horizon or the boundary at infinity can lead to local degrees of freedom [78, 247, 59, 96, 51, 24, 91]”
From Quantum Gravity in 2 + 1 Dimensions: The Case of a Closed Universe (2005) · cites this paper as [78]
The Introduction (p. 2) says that a boundary can make would-be gauge degrees of freedom dynamical, and applies this mechanism to the black-hole horizon. The Boundary Action (p. 5) describes dynamical fields at that horizon. Our copy does not establish the other location named in the claim—a boundary at infinity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Cites
The stretched horizon and black hole complementarity
Susskind, L., Thorlacius, L., & Uglum, J. (1993) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.48.3743 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 8
- [3][3] M. Maggiore, Phys. Lett. B333 (1994) 39; 'Horizon quantization and thermodynamics of the 2+1 black hole,' Pisa preprint IFUP-TH 43/94 (1994). -
- [9][9] S. Carlip and C. Teitelboim, 'Aspects of black hole quantum mechanics and thermodynamics in 2+1 dimensions,' Institute for Advanced Study preprint IASSNS-HEP-94/34 and Davis preprint UCD-94-13 (1994). -
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- [18][18] For a nice derivation, see M. Ba˜ nados, 'Sugawara construction and the relation between diffeomorphisms and gauge transformations in Chern-Simons theory,' Imperial College preprint Imperial/TP/93-94/40 (1994). -
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The Large-N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity
Maldacena, J. (1999) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1023/a:1026654312961 · Cited by 6,704 · see citing works
The (2 + 1)-dimensional black hole
Carlip, S. (1995) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/12/12/005 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Self-citationLinking topological quantum field theory and nonperturbative quantum gravity
Smolin, L. (1995) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.531251 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Quantum Gravity in 2 + 1 Dimensions: The Case of a Closed Universe
Carlip, S. (2005) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2005-1 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Carlip, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carlip, S.
- ORCID
- Carlip, S.
- Venue
- Physical Review D
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1995-01-15
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 632-637
- ISSN
- 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2000610068
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 14.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy (FG0391ER40674)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
- Keywords
- (2+1)-dimensional black holes, black hole entropy, statistical mechanics of black holes, gauge invariance breaking, quantum gravity
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