General relativistic energy conditions: The Hubble expansion in the epoch of galaxy formation
Open accessAbstract
The energy conditions of Einstein gravity (classical general relativity) are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without enforcing a particular equation of state for the stress energy. This systematic avoidance of the need to specify a particular equation of state is particularly useful in a cosmological setting --- since the equation of state for the cosmological fluid in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker-type universe is extremely uncertain. I shall show that the energy conditions provide simple and robust bounds on the behavior of both the density and look-back time as a function of redshift. I shall show that current observations suggest that the so-called strong energy condition (SEC) is violated at some time between the epoch of galaxy formation and the present. This implies that no possible combination of ``normal'' matter is capable of fitting the observational data.
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The strong energy condition seems to be violated at the largest cosmological scales.
“However, SEC seems to be violated at the largest cosmological scales [50-54].”
From Alcubierre warp drive in spherical coordinates with some matter configurations (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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References 37 · Cited by 184
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [4][4] J.L Friedmann, K. Schleich and D.M. Witt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 , 1486 (1993); gr-qc/9305017. - · arXiv
- [13][13] Ya. B. Zel'dovich and I. D. Novikov, Relativistic Astrophysics. Volume 2: The structure and evolution of the universe , (University of Chicago Press, 1983). See the discussion on pages 589, 590 concerning the breakdown of the energy conditions during periods of cosmologically-induced particle production. These are test-field limit calculations where the expansion of the universe generates a contribution to the stress tensor that violates the energy conditions, but back-reaction is not addressed. -
- [31][31] Particle Data Group, Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 1-720. -
- Authors
- Visser, M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Visser, Matt
- ORCID
- Visser, Matt
- Venue
- Physical Review D
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1997-12-15
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 7578-7587
- ISSN
- 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
- 1089-4918
- OpenAlex
- W1991029698
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- energy conditions, strong energy condition violation, Hubble expansion, lookback time, FRW universe, equation of state
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