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Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season
Open accessAbstract
We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μK_{CMB} arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r_{0.05}<0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.009. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.
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TL;DR
The BICEP/Keck collaboration analyzed all BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization data through the 2018 observing season, combined with WMAP and Planck maps, to constrain primordial gravitational waves. They report the strongest limit to date, \(r_{0.05}<0.036\) at 95% confidence, with no significant evidence for \(r>0\).
Key findings
- The baseline likelihood gives \(r_{0.05}=0.014^{+0.010}_{-0.011}\) and \(r_{0.05}<0.036\) at 95% confidence; simulations give \(\sigma(r)=0.009\) and a median 95% upper limit of \(r_{0.05}<0.019\).
- Foreground parameters: \(A_{d,353}=4.4^{+0.8}_{-0.7}\,\mu\mathrm{K}^2\), \(A_{\mathrm{sync},23}<1.4\,\mu\mathrm{K}^2\) at 95% confidence, and \(\beta_d=1.49^{+0.13}_{-0.12}\); the synchrotron amplitude now peaks at zero.
- New maps reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 \(\mu\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{cmb}}\,\mathrm{arcmin}\) at 95, 150, and 220 GHz over effective areas of \(\approx 600\) square degrees at 95 GHz and \(\approx 400\) square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz.
- The 220 GHz maps achieve signal-to-noise on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz; the maximum-likelihood model has PTE 0.94, and the previous limits improved from \(r_{0.05}<0.12\) (BKP) to \(<0.09\) (BK14) to \(<0.07\) (BK15) to \(<0.036\) (BK18).
Methods
- Analysis of BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization data through the 2018 observing season, adding Keck 220 GHz and BICEP3 95 GHz data to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset; maps are made into Q/U, purified to B-modes, apodized, Fourier transformed, and used to form auto- and cross-spectra.
- Joint likelihood uses 66 BB auto- and cross-spectra between BICEP/Keck maps and WMAP 23/33 GHz plus Planck 30, 44, 143, 217, and 353 GHz maps, over \(20<\ell<330\) with 9 bandpowers per spectrum.
- The model is lensed \(\Lambda\)CDM + \(r\) + dust + synchrotron + noise with eight parameters, evaluated with Hamimeche-Lewis likelihood and CosmoMC MCMC; the dust frequency spectral index prior is removed, and the bandpower covariance matrix comes from 499 signal-and-noise simulations.
Limitations
- The paper states that dust decorrelation and foreground complexity more generally “will remain a serious concern” as sensitivity improves, and that the sample variance of the lensing component already dominates \(\sigma(r)\).
- The paper states that the baseline does not allow the dust decorrelation parameter \(\Delta_d\) to vary freely because it is biasing with respect to \(r\); it also notes that including EE spectra assumes an exact EE/BB ratio of 2 and “should not be overinterpreted.”
- The paper states residual uncertainties from point-source polarized flux may yield an upward bias on \(r\) of \(1-3\times10^{-3}\), and noise-bias imperfections may yield a downward bias of \(2\times10^{-3}\); these are subdominant to the statistical uncertainty.
- Evident from the text: the analysis fixes the tensor spectral index \(n_t=0\), assumes a power-law dust spatial spectrum and Gaussian dust fluctuations, and relies on external WMAP/Planck data for foreground separation.
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89 Own result · 32 Sources not found · 16 Own method · 10 No basis given · 8 Own interpretation
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In the paper
“The BK18 result described in this letter, r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036, represents a fractional improvement equivalent to the two previous steps combined.”
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“This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels.”
- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 4 · plain
“This model is an acceptable fit to the data with the probability to exceed (PTE) the observed value of χ 2 being 0.94.”
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The synchrotron frequency spectrum is a simple power law A_sync ∝ ν^β_s.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The dust spatial power spectrum is a power law D_ℓ ∝ ℓ^α_d.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The synchrotron spatial power spectrum is a power law D_ℓ ∝ ℓ^α_s.
- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 4 · plain
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In the paper
“The 220GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz.”
- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 6 · plain
“The signal-to-noise on polarized dust emission of our 220 GHz band is now considerably higher than that of the Planck 353 GHz band-i.e. the 220 × 220 noise point is much further below the dust band than the P353 × P353 point.”
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- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 6 · plain
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“For r , the zero-to-peak likelihood ratio is 0.46.”
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“The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036 at 95% confidence.”
- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 1 · plain
“r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036 at 95% confidence”
- Also stated in: § ACKNOWLEDGMENTS · p. 7 · plain
“The upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio tightens to r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036 at 95% confidence.”
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- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 1 · plain
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“r 0 . 05 = 0 . 014 +0 . 010 -0 . 011 ( r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036 at 95% confidence)”
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“A sync , 23 < 1 . 4 µ K 2 at 95% confidence”
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“and that the data do not prefer allowing decorrelation of the dust pattern in the model.”
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“The maximum likelihood model has parameters r 0 . 05 = 0 . 011, A d , 353 = 4 . 4 µ K 2 , A sync , 23 = 0 . 6 µ K 2 , β d = 1 . 5, β s = -3 . 0, α d = -0 . 66, α s = 0 . 00, and ϵ = -0 . 11.”
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The synchrotron frequency spectrum is a simple power law A_sync ∝ ν^β_s.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The dust spatial power spectrum is a power law D_ℓ ∝ ℓ^α_d.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The synchrotron spatial power spectrum is a power law D_ℓ ∝ ℓ^α_s.
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“Running without foreground parameters on simulations which contain neither lensing or dust gives σ ( r 0 . 05 ) = 0 . 002.”
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
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“Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ ( r ) = 0 . 009.”
- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 5 · plain
“The distributions of maximum likelihood r values in simulations where the true value of r is zero gave σ ( r 0 . 05 ) = 0 . 020 for BK15 which is reduced to σ ( r 0 . 05 ) = 0 . 009 for BK18”
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- Also stated in: § BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season · p. 5 · plain
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“The BK18 data shrinks the contours in the vertical ( r ) direction while the BAO data shrinks the contours in the horizontal ( n s ) direction and shifts the centroid slightly to the right.”
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“The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8 and 8.8 µ K cmb arcmin at 95, 150 and 220 GHz respectively over an effective area of ≈ 600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈ 400 square degrees at 150 & 220GHz.”
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“We also find that the value of A d is very similar when evaluated over the larger BICEP3 sky coverage region and the smaller BICEP2 / Keck sky region.”
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“This improves the constraint on primordial gravitational waves parameterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r by more than a factor of two over our previous result to r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036 at 95% confidence, setting important additional limits on inflationary models.”
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“In the BK15 analysis the constraint on β d was prior dominated, but for BK18 we see that the data is able to constrain this parameter almost as well as the prior previously did.”
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“As compared to the previous BK15 analysis, the likelihood curve for r tightens considerably with the peak position shifting down slightly, and the A d curve tightens slightly.”
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“Freeing the amplitude of the lensing power we obtain A BB L = 1 . 03 +0 . 08 -0 . 09 , and the r constraint hardly changes.”
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“Interestingly the peak value selected is very close to the mean value from Planck 2018 analysis of larger regions of sky β d = 1 . 53 [24].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
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“In addition the A sync curve now peaks at zero-the weak evidence for synchrotron we saw in BK15 is no longer present.”
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“The 95GHz B map is approximately equal parts lensed-ΛCDM signal and noise.”
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“The increase of 1.5 for the real data is smaller than the average increase in the simulations indicating no evidence that synchrotron is present.”
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“With a uniform prior on A BB L (and marginalizing over all other parameters) we obtain A BB L = 1 . 03 +0 . 08 -0 . 09 showing no tension with ΛCDM.”
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“The r constraint hardly changes due to the fact that the lensing amplitude prefered by the BK18 data is very close to that predicted by the Planck 2018 cosmological parameters.”
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“In Fig. 17 switching to the updated Planck 2018 spectrum corresponds to the transition from red to black-the r constraint shifts slightly up indicating that this is a marginally relevant change at BK18 sensitivity levels.”
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The power spectrum of the polarized dust emission in the BICEP/Keck field follows a power law.
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“Due to the larger instantaneous field of view BICEP3 naturally maps a larger area of sky.”
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“Removing synchrotron from the fit (i.e. fixing As = 0, β s = 0, α s = 0 and ϵ = 0) corresponds to a nominal reduction in the number of fit parameters of 4, but the increase in the mean -2 log( L ) for the simulations (which contain no synchrotron) suggests only 2.5 effective free parameters.”
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“For the 9 × 66 = 594 bandpowers shown in Fig. 15, χ 2 = ( d -m ) T C -1 ( d -m ) = 541 . 6, where d are the bandpower values, m are the model expectation values, and C is the bandpower covariance matrix for the maximum likelihood model. This has a PTE versus the simulations of 0 . 94.”
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“The effects are similar to those seen in BK15-the r peak position shifts up, the A d curve narrows, and the A sync curve peaks strongly away from zero.”
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“The χ 2 and χ jackknife statistics do not actually have the nominal theory distributions since they are summations of bandpower values which are themselves χ 2 rather than Gaussian distributed.”
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“However, at 220 GHz we start to see dust contamination become comparable in amplitude to the ΛCDM E -modes at the edges of the field.”
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“Interestingly the peak position of A d only shifts a very small amount under these variations showing no evidence for variation of the polarized dust amplitude as averaged across the BICEP3 coverage pattern versus the subset BICEP2 / Keck fi eld.”
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“In Fig. 17 dropping the β d prior corresponds to the transition from yellow to red curvesr and A sync show very little change while A d gets just slightly wider.”
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“As seen in Figures 8 and 9 the BICEP3 sky coverage is larger than the BICEP2 / Keck region.”
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“If instead we take the sum of the normalized deviations χ = ∑ (( d -m ) /e ) where e is the square-root of the diagonal of C , we find that the PTE versus the simulations is 0.22.”
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“In a simple study we find this to be 2.2% within the multipole range 20 < ℓ < 500 (with a distribution close to Gaussian).”
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“The upper part of Fig. 14 compares the two BB spectra-a large improvement in sensitivity is again clear, and the BK18 220 GHz spectrum is sample variance limited out to ℓ ∼ 200.”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The E maps are dominated by ΛCDM signal, and hence are highly correlated across all three bands.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing the three frequencies we see almost identical patterns in the T maps since ΛCDM signal is dominant.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dropping WMAP results in A sync peaking strongly at zero whereas dropping LFI results in A sync peaking well above zero.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that for the small field only version the A sync peak shifts above zero as it was in BK15.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Q and U the patterns are again extremely similar between 95 and 150 GHz, and dominated by the ΛCDM E -mode signal.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BICEP/ Keck alone (blue) constrains A sync and β d poorly with the r constraint peaking hard at zero.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Appendix D above we saw that the absolute goodness-of-fit of the baseline model to the data is adequate.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We next switch from the BK15 data set to the BK18 one-i.e. including the improved sensitivity at 220 GHz and the improved sensitivity and sky area at 95 GHz (magenta to yellow). This makes a substantial difference: the r constraint narrows and its peak position shifts down.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The power spectrum of the polarized dust emission in the BICEP/Keck field follows a power law.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Starting with the BK15 data set we first update the version of COSMOMC from Nov2016 to July2019 (green to magenta) which makes very little difference.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using different apodizations also in principle reduces the correlations of the auto- and cross-spectra which are key to the separation of foreground and CMB signals. However, in the current case the penalty turns out to be negligible.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Interestingly the peak value of β d = 1 . 50 selected by our data is close to the mean value from Planck 2018 analysis of larger regions of sky β P d = 1 . 53 ± 0 . 02 [24].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two nominally 220 GHz receivers added before the 2015 season actually have passbands centered at ≈ 230 GHz, whereas the two added before the 2016 season have passbands centered at ≈ 220 GHz.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We see that the r constraint shifts down slightly and the A sync constraint shifts up slightly.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allowing decorrelation parameter ∆ d to vary freely while fixing ϵ = 0 leaves the nominal number of parameters unchanged and as expected hardly changes the mean value of -2 log( L ) for the simulations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is very interesting that dropping the 150 and 220 GHz bands does not substantially increase the width of the r constraint, although it is unsurprising that it does increase the widths of the A d and β d constraints.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Synchrotron is tightly limited in all the multipole ranges, and not detected in any of them.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dropping the other HFI bands makes smaller additional changes (red to green).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The shifts on dust parameters ( A d and β d ) are a few percent, and still within statistical uncertainty and upper bounds predicted using maximum likelihood searches on simulations.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that 60% of the simulations peak at zero, and 11% have a lower zero-to-peak ratio than the real data-i.e. show more evidence for r when the true value is in fact zero.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They have A d in our sky region which is much greater that the actual level and this modestly increases σ ( r ), although interestingly by an amount that is fractionally less than the increase seen in BK15.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither of these models produces detectable bias on r .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The corresponding spectra for the Keck 95 GHz, 150 GHz and 220 GHz bands were found to be very similar to the BK15 results shown in Ref. [52].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The real data shows an increase almost exactly equal to that in the mean of simulations-i.e. the data is perfectly compatible with the lensed-ΛCDM expectation plus the simple 3 parameter dust model.”
boostedn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The input values are recovered in the mean although formally there is a small bias detectable on A d .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“More significant, but still subdominant for the current analysis, are uncertainties from the contributions of polarized flux from point sources in our field, which estimates suggest may yield an upward bias on r of 1-3 × 10 -3 [9, 64, and recent internal work], and imperfections in our noise bias estimates as they interact with leakage deprojection filtering, which recent preliminary work suggests”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recovered bias is ∆( r ) = 1 . 5 ± 1 . 1 × 10 -3 , which is subdominant compared to our statistical uncertainty σ ( r ) = 0 . 009.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a joint analysis using multifrequency data from the Planck experiment it was shown that most or all of this is due to polarized emission from dust in our own galaxy [10, hereafter BKP].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“As part of our standard data reduction we 'deproject' leading order temperature to polarization leakage [9, 34]-in Appendix F we quantify possible residual leakage and some other possible systematics.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Our BICEP/ Keck program first reported detection of an excess over the lensing B -mode expectation at 150 GHz in Ref. [9].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Under the ΛCDM standard model the CMB polarization pattern is mostly E -mode, with a much smaller B -mode component which arises due to gravitational deflections (lensing) of the CMB photons after their last scattering [5].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The EE spectra were not used to derive the model but agree well with it under the assumption that EE/BB = 2 for dust, as is known to be close to the case [23, 24].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For dust, EE/BB = 2.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At the South Pole the atmosphere is exceptionally transparent and stable at the observation frequencies [17, Fig. 5].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17, Fig. 5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To test for systematic contamination we carry out our usual 'jackknife' internal consistency (null) tests on the new 95GHz and 220GHz data as described in Appendices B and C.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Planck analysis consistently finds approximate power law behavior of both the EE and BB dust spectra with exponents ≈ -0 . 4 [23, 24].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Since primordial gravitational waves will produce E -modes and B -modes approximately equally it was realized in the late 1990's that the best way to search for them is to look for an excess B -mode signal [6-8].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“(Using the S-PASS data [30] we estimate that the expectation is A sync , 23 ≈ 0 . 4 µ K 2 in the BICEP/ Keck fi eld, which is consistent with our A sync likelihood curve.)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The φ 2 / 3 model now lies outside the 95% contour as does the band of natural inflation models.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If we can detect or set limits on primordial gravitational waves we can set limits on these models [4], and probe physics at energy scales far higher than can ever be accessed in laboratory experiments.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This is an interesting result given the Planck 2018 TT,TE,EE+lowE result A L = 1 . 18 ± 0 . 065 [2, Eqn. 36b].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition in the right panel of Fig. 19 we see that there is very little degeneracy between r and A BB L implying that all one now needs from ΛCDM is the template shape of the lensing B -mode spectrum, and not the amplitude.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that we did not look at the non-jackknife spectra until the above data removals had been done and the null tests determined to be satisfactory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recently Ref. [55] reported evidence for line-of-sight decorrelation in Planck data by using HI data to select sight lines which integrate over multiple dust clouds.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To keep down the total number of spectra we drop the other Planck bands since these provide a negligible amount of additional information.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We note that analysis of 2.3 GHz data from S-PASS in conjunction with WMAP and Planck fi nds β s = -3 . 2 with no detected trends with galactic latitude or angular scale [30]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Using different apodizations suppresses the amplitude of the cross-spectra as compared to the auto-spectra but this is automatically taken into account in the bandpower window function calculations [18, 53].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This study uses maps of the effective number of clouds taken from Ref. [56] which in Sec. 4.2 specifically examines the BICEP/ Keck patch and states that 'one cloud dominates the column density in the majority of pixels in the BICEP/ Keck region'.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In this section we perform tests of the new 2016, 2017 and 2018 data which are the same as those performed on the previous BICEP/ Keck data in Sec. VII.C of Ref. [9], Sec. 6.3 of Ref. [14], Appendix B of BK14, and Appendix B of BK15.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Running maximum likelihood searches on simulations indicates that this results in σ ( r ) as low as any other option with no detectable bias on r .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ref. [30] finds a value at the bottom end of this range ( ≈ -1) from the S-PASS data for BB at high galactic latitude.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all effects considered, the magnitude of the estimated bias on r is significantly smaller than our statistical uncertainty, and not all of the biases have the same sign, which should lead to partial cancelation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this leakage analysis for BK18, care was taken to minimize systematic contamination in the composite beam maps from the FFBM analysis pipeline itself, e.g. by minimizing non-Gaussian noise and excess smoothing.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such variation of the dust amplitude across the field can potentially produce bias on r given that our re-fit model assumes a single A d value applies to both the smaller BICEP2 / Keck fi eld and the larger BICEP3 fi eld.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The re-fit model assumes a single A_d value applies to both the smaller BICEP2/Keck field and the larger BICEP3 field.
In the paper
“Other additive systematic effects including EMI, magnetic, thermal, and other scan-synchronous sources of residual contamination, and ghost beams, were studied in Ref. [34] and upper limits placed on their contributions equivalent to r < 10 -4 , except in the case of EMI contamination from the satellite uplink transmitter, which was bounded at r < 1 . 7 × 10 -3 with 95% confidence.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The driving factor in this improvement in the recovered bias is the inclusion of BICEP3 , which demonstrates lower differential beam power than Keck and BICEP2 , both before and after deprojection.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Levels of these potential sources of contamination have been monitored throughout collection of the current dataset (including EMI reduction from additional shielding at the satellite uplink), and contributions from these effects remain negligible.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
For dust, EE/BB = 2.
“under the assumption that EE/BB = 2 for dust, as is known to be close to the case [23, 24]”
“under the assumption that EE/BB = 2 for dust”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The synchrotron frequency spectrum is a simple power law A_sync ∝ ν^β_s.
“assuming a simple power law for the frequency spectral behavior A sync ∝ ν β s”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The dust spatial power spectrum is a power law D_ℓ ∝ ℓ^α_d.
“The spatial power spectrum is taken as a power law D ℓ ∝ ℓ α d marginalizing uniformly over the (generous) range -1 < α d < 0”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The synchrotron spatial power spectrum is a power law D_ℓ ∝ ℓ^α_s.
“The spatial power spectrum is taken as a power law D ℓ ∝ ℓ α s marginalizing over the range -1 < α s < 0 [32].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The power spectrum of the polarized dust emission in the BICEP/Keck field follows a power law.
“We note that this figure offers empirical backing for an assumption which we make in our mainline analysis: that the power spectrum of the polarized dust emission in our field follows a power law.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The dust and synchrotron sky patterns have Gaussian fluctuations.
“The parametric model which we are using, including the approximation of Gaussian fluctuation of the dust (and synchrotron) sky patterns, remains an adequate description of the presently available data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Dust decorrelation exists in the BICEP/Keck sky patch at some level.
“Nonetheless, decorrelation surely exists in our sky patch at some level-the question is whether it is relevant as compared to the BK18 experimental noise.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The EE/BB ratios for dust and synchrotron are both exactly 2.
“under the artificial assumption that the EE/BB ratios for dust and synchrotron are both exactly 2”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The re-fit model assumes a single A_d value applies to both the smaller BICEP2/Keck field and the larger BICEP3 field.
“given that our re-fit model assumes a single A d value applies to both the smaller BICEP2 / Keck fi eld and the larger BICEP3 fi eld.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When running on simulations generated according to the model being re-fit, the input parameter values should be recovered in the mean.
“we then have an a priori expectation that the input parameter values should be recovered in the mean.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Planck 2018 cosmological parameters predict a specific lensing BB spectrum as used in the BK18 baseline analysis.
“The Planck 2018 cosmological parameters predict a specific lensing BB spectrum as used in the 'BK18 baseline' analysis described above.”
Citations
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Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Mondal, R., Mondal, S., & Yamada, T. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/yy2d-whj7 · Cited by 3
Pole Inflation from Broken Noncompact Isometry in Weyl Gravity
Lee, H. M. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/skhx-yc43 · Cited by 3
The α -attractor E-Model in warm inflation: observational viability from Planck 2018
Saha, B., & Nandy, M. K. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/10/102 · Cited by 3
Ultraviolet Completion of the Big Bang in Quadratic Gravity
Liu, R., Quintin, J., & Afshordi, N. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/6gtx-j455 · Cited by 7
The fate of quasi-exponential inflation in the light of ACT-DR6
Pal, B. K. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-15087-9 · Cited by 3
“So with the specific equation of state parameter one can very easily have the estimate of observable parameters.”
Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies. Part I. Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
Hoory, A., Martin, J., Paul, A., & Sriramkumar, L. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/05/080 · Cited by 2
Memory burden effect on gravitational waves in the presence of primordial black holes
Gross, M., Mambrini, Y., & Haque, M. R. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/7kjg-qz6t · Cited by 4
Fermion (non)reheating with a quartic inflaton potential
Bhusal, N., M., M. E. C., García, M. A. G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/06/064 · Cited by 3
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Confronting Inflation and Reheating with Observations: Improved Predictions
Ye, Y., & Gu, B.-M. (2025) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2026.140204 · Cited by 5
Primordial black hole ringdown: The irreducible stochastic gravitational wave background
Luca, V. D., Iovino, A. J., & Riotto, A. W. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/l633-2qg7 · Cited by 5
Quark, lepton and right-handed neutrino production via inflation
Feiteira, D., Koutroulis, F., Lebedev, O., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/03/030 · Cited by 3
Harrison-Zeldovich attractor: From Planck to ACT results
Fu, C., Lu, D., & Wang, S.-J. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/cm1c-kfpn · Cited by 3
“4 , 3 . model [37], and the quartic hilltop potential [122], are in good agreement with the Planck and BICEP/Keck observations [21].”
Hounmenou, S. S., Salako, I. G., Deb, B., et al. (2026) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.aop.2026.170462 · Cited by 3
Abril-Cabezas, I., Adachi, S., Ade, P. A. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/04/051 · Cited by 3
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Induced-Gravity Palatini-like Higgs Inflation in Supergravity Confronts ACT DR6
Pallis, C. (2026) · Astronomy · doi:10.3390/astronomy5020009 · Cited by 3
Single field slow-roll inflation with step uplift to n s = 1
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Discrete R -symmetry, various energy scales, and gravitational waves
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Kaganovich, A. B. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/05/007 · Cited by 3
Observational constraints on power law Starobinsky inflation
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Relic gravitons and non-stationary processes
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Stage IV CMB forecasts for warm inflation
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Connecting inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year dataset via massive gravity
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Classical and quantum cosmology of f(R) gravity’s rainbow in Schutz’s formalism
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Probing leptogenesis at LISA: a Fisher analysis
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“…matter-dominated era can generate entropy and suppress BGWs to such an extent that they not only evade BBN constraints but also span multiple decades in frequency, exhibiting characteristic spectral features determined by the properties of the intermediate matter domination [9, 14–19].”
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“The value of n s has been constrained with an accuracy of less than one percent, while an upper bound has been determined for r [6].”
Everyone wants something better than ΛCDM
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“ESA’s Planck (28) and NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (29) satellites and a host of ground-based CMB experiments (30–32) have measured the tiny (one part in 10 5 ) variations of the intensity of the CMB across the sky (referred to as its anisotropy) and its small polarization (a few…”
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Li, J., & Guo, G. (2022) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732322500663 · Cited by 3
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Self-citationPseudo-Nambu-Goldstone inflation with twin waterfalls
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Regularization of single field inflation models
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Laboratory Integration of the AliCPT-1 Receiver
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“The science target of AliCPT-1 is the measurement of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationUltraviolet sensitivity of Peccei-Quinn inflation
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“036 ( 95% C.L., BICEP/Keck [45]) by the orange line.”
Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
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“05Mpc − 1 [109], and the explorable range of ω .”
BackgroundNon-minimal unimodular inflation
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Testing multi-field inflation with LiteBIRD
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“index ns and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r such as Planck [1] and BICEP [38].”
MethodInfluentialDesign and Performance of a 30/40 GHz Diplexed Focal Plane for the BICEP Array
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Self-citationLSPE-Strip on-sky calibration strategy using bright celestial sources
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Two-Field Quintessential Higgs Model and the Swampland
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“Moreover, the BICEP2, Keck Array and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments put an upper limit on the observed tensor-to-scalar ratio as r 0 : 05 \ 0 : 036 ; ð 51 Þ at 95% CL (Ade 2021).”
Surrao, K. M., & Hill, J. C. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.063510 · Cited by 3
Nojiri, S., & NASHED, G. G. L. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.084073 · Cited by 3
Hamilton–Jacobi method in non-minimal coupling inflation: metric vs. Palatini
Zhang, F.-Y., & Lin, W. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13787-w · Cited by 3
Cosmological consequences of statistical inhomogeneity
Ragavendra, H. V., Mukherjee, D., & Sethi, S. K. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.023541 · Cited by 3
Warm non-minimally coupled Peccei–Quinn inflation and de Sitter Swampland conjecture
Yuennan, J., Channuie, P., & Momeni, D. (2025) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2025.116810 · Cited by 3
A model of inflation consistent with Planck 2018 and BICEP/Keck data
Chen, L.-Y., Yu, H., & Wu, P. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13728-z · Cited by 3
Starobinsky Inflation with T-Model Kähler Geometries
Pallis, C. (2025) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe11030075 · Cited by 3
Primordial gravitational waves in quadratic gravity
Kubo, J., & Kuntz, J. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/05/093 · Cited by 3
“004 is a slow-roll parameter [20, 22].”
Ephemeral oscillons in scalar-tensor theories: the Higgs-like case
Piani, M., Rubio, J., & Torrentí, F. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/06/024 · Cited by 3
“Precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) [1, 2] have firmly established inflation [3–5] as the standard paradigm to address the shortcomings of the hot Big Bang model while providing a natural mechanism to generate the primordial density perturbations seeding structure…”
Natural inflation in Palatini F(R,X)
Bostan, N., Dejrah, R. H., Dioguardi, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/07/082 · Cited by 3
“2 (b) shows the behavior of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r as α varies for three choices of n and M , the gray-shaded bands represent projections of the 95% (dark-gray) and 68% (light-gray) confidence levels based on Planck, BICEP/Keck, and BAO data [6].”
InfluentialFirst release of LiteBIRD simulations from an end-to-end pipeline
Bortolami, M., Raffuzzi, N., Pagano, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/042 · Cited by 3
Self-citationJinYi, L., JiaKang, H., & Hu, B. (2022) · Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue · doi:10.1360/sspma-2022-0050 · Cited by 3
Extended delta-map: A map-based foreground removal method for CMB polarization observations
Minami, Y., & Ichiki, K. (2023) · Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics · doi:10.1093/ptep/ptad016 · Cited by 3
Galilean constant-roll inflation
Herrera, R., Shokri, M., & Sadeghi, J. (2023) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2023.101232 · Cited by 3
Higgs Inflation and the Electroweak Gauge Sector
Alexander, S., Creque‐Sarbinowski, C., Gilmer, H., & Katherine Freese, B. (2025) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.202500020 · Cited by 3
“Cosmic microwave background observations have pushed the original variant of this model to have large super-Planckian excursions [56], but its general form remains attractive [57–66].”
BackgroundCancellation of one-loop correction to soft tensor power spectrum
Ema, Y., Hong, M., Jinno, R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/01/040 · Cited by 3
Results and forecasts on cosmic inflation from weak lensing
Ferté, A., & Hong, K. S. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.103502 · Cited by 2
“3 shows in coral the combination of BK18, Planck TTTEEE+low-ℓ +lensing and SDSS including eBOSS DR16, while BK18 analysis in [5] uses 6dFGS, MGS and BOSS DR12.”
MethodInfluentialObservable CMB B -modes from cosmological phase transitions
Greene, K., Ireland, A., Krnjaic, G., et al. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/gv1d-znp4 · Cited by 2
“(25), giving rise to both low-and high-ℓ suppression relative to the inflationary signal.”
Dou, J., Han, J., Zhao, W. K., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452588 · Cited by 2
Inflation with the Chern-Simons term in the Palatini formulation
Hassan, A., & Räsänen, S. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/01/087 · Cited by 4
“Inflation is the most successful scenario for the early universe [1–15], with predictions in excellent agreement with observations [16, 17].”
Constraints on anisotropic cosmic birefringence from CMB B -mode polarization
Lonappan, A. I., KEATING, B. G., & Arnold, K. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/yxmh-rh9z · Cited by 2
All-loop effective potential for arbitrary scalar models in curved space-time
Filippov, V. A., Iakhibbaev, R. M., & Tolkachev, D. M. (2025) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/adecd8 · Cited by 2
“Figure 8 shows the calculated parameters in the ( n s , r ) -diagram for the initial models λφ 4 and λφ 5 as well as for the resumed ones with different parameters δ and ξ = 0.02.”
InfluentialImpact of adiabatic temperature fluctuations on the power spectrum of axion density perturbations
Ayad, A., & Schwarz, D. J. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/08/073 · Cited by 2
“056 set by Planck and BICEP2 observations [93, 94] was recently improved to r 0 .”
InfluentialMagnetogenesis from a sawtooth coupling: Gravitational wave probe of reheating
Maiti, S. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/mjxr-pp2t · Cited by 2
Non-minimal RT coupling and its impact on inflationary evolution in f(R,T) gravity
Jha, S. K., & Rahaman, A. (2025) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2025.117102 · Cited by 2
Constraints on superheavy dark matter decaying into $$h\nu $$, $$Z\nu $$ and $$W\ell $$
Deligny, O. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14736-3 · Cited by 2
Scrutinizing fermionic Dark Matter in scotogenic model with low reheating temperature
Roy, A., & Sahu, R. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/03/014 · Cited by 2
Frame-dependence of the Hamilton–Jacobi formalism for inflation and reheating in non-minimal gravity
Zhang, F.-Y., Chen, L.-Y., & Zhai, R. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14968-3 · Cited by 2
Running scalar spectral index in warm natural inflation
Kitabayashi, T., & Shimizu, A. (2025) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x26500016 · Cited by 2
The Two-Measure Theory and an Overview of Some of Its Manifestations
Kaganovich, A. B. (2025) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe11110376 · Cited by 2
“However, this contradicts the requirement of flatness of the inflationary potential imposed by modern CMB data [11],[12].”
Das, D., Sanghi, M., & Sourav (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/jr9j-x2bf · Cited by 2
Discretely evanescent dark energy
Kaloper, N. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/075 · Cited by 2
Effect of moduli redefinitions on fibre inflation
Chakraborty, D., Hai, M., Jahan, S. T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/06/025 · Cited by 2
“0044 and the upper bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio according to the joint analysis of Planck and BICEP/Keck [138] r is r 0 .”
Insights into the highest natural scale: Finite naturalness challenges inflationary dynamics
Catinari, P. G., Grosso, L. D., Giovanni, L. D., & Alfredo Urbano, A. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/mx5j-wtqf · Cited by 2
“In slow-roll approximation, we find where x ∗ = ϕ ∗ / ¯ M Pl and x end = ϕ end / ¯ M Pl .”
Axion dark matter archaeology with primordial gravitational waves
Cheek, A., Ghoshal, A., & Paul, D. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/1zwb-24jr · Cited by 2
Reheating constraints for an induced gravity model with a holographic description
Bargach, F., Bargach, A., Asfour, B., Oukouiss, A., & Ouali, T. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.102080 · Cited by 2
Tightening constraints on primordial oscillations with latest ACT and SPT data
Peng, Z.-Y., & Yun-song Piao, A. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/zdvg-1ykz · Cited by 2
Torsion induced current-scalaron coupling in Einstein–Cartan gravity
He, M., Hong, M., & Mukaida, K. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/01/002 · Cited by 2
“…examples is the regularized pole inflation [80] which can increase the predicted scalar spectral index 𝑛 𝑠 of curvature perturbation, reconciling the latest cosmic microwave background (CMB) observation results combining Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) [81,82], Planck [83], and BICEP/Keck [84].”
Single-field D-type inflation in the minimal supergravity in light of Planck-ACT-SPT data
Aldabergenov, Y., & Ketov, S. V. (2026) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15325-8 · Cited by 2
“Various CMB measurements with increasing precision done by Planck (P) [6], BICEP/Keck [7], Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) [8] and South Pole Telescope (SPT) [9] led to an explosion of new theoretical models of inflation We use the following observational constraints on the tilt n s of the power…”
Grand unification Higgs- R 2 Inflation: Complementarity between proton decay and CMB observables
Bostan, N., Dejrah, R. H., & Ghoshal, A. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/nx7w-xstd · Cited by 2
Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae3e53 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHiggs inflation model with small non-minimal coupling constant
Kaganovich, A. B. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/03/006 · Cited by 2
Reheating in geometric Weyl-invariant Einstein-Cartan gravity
Gialamas, I. D. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/4dz9-xb38 · Cited by 2
Search for high-frequency gravitational waves via reanalysis of cavity axion data
Kim, Y.-G., Gué, J., Xu, C., et al. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/yqms-lznb · Cited by 2
The magnetic origin of primordial black holes: a viable dark matter scenario
Maiti, S., & Maity, D. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/04/020 · Cited by 2
Primordial Black Holes Formation in Inflationary $$\boldsymbol{F(R)}$$ Models with Scalar Fields
Pozdeeva, E. O., & Vernov, S. Y. (2025) · Moscow University Physics Bulletin · doi:10.3103/s0027134925702753 · Cited by 2
String-inspired Gauss-Bonnet gravity inflation and ACT
Odintsov, S. D., Oikonomou, V. K., Tsyba, P., et al. (2026) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2026.102348 · Cited by 2
Inflation in a Nutshell: From Basics to Latest Advances
Qiu, Z.-C., & Huang, Q. (2026) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ae842a · Cited by 2
Intertwined constraints in extended cosmologies: Dark energy, curvature, neutrinos, and inflation
Giarè, W., Lee, D. H., & Valentino, E. D. (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101759 · Cited by 15
Ong, D. D. Y., & Handley, W. J. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/09/026 · Cited by 2
“[56] planck 2018 lensing.clik BICEP [58, 59] bicep keck 2018 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations SDSS [60–63] bao.sixdf 2011 bao bao.sdss dr7 mgs bao.sdss dr16 baoplus lrg bao.sdss dr16 baoplus elg bao.sdss dr16 baoplus qso bao.sdss dr16 baoplus lyauto bao.sdss dr16 baoplus lyxqso Type Ia Supernovae SH 0…”
Flat spectra of cosmic gravitons in the nHz and audio bands
Massimo Giovannini, A. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/08/012 · Cited by 2
An inflationary equation-of-state
Pal, B. K. (2023) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271823500190 · Cited by 2
On inflation scenarios and dark energy in a scaled gravity
Belhaj, A., Benali, M., Ennadifi, S. E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics · doi:10.1142/s0219887823501670 · Cited by 2
Scalaron Decay in Perturbative Quantum Gravity
Latosh, B. (2023) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1134/s1063776123050023 · Cited by 2
“Most importantly, the model provides an inflationary scenario completely consistent with the observational data [7, 8, 9, 10].”
ResultSimulation of the optical system in the GroundBIRD telescope
Jo, Y., Choi, J., Hattori, M., et al. (2023) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.488636 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. B., Bischoff, C. A., Beck, D., Bock, J. J., Boenish, H., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Cheshire, J. R., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., Denison, E. V., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J. P., Fliescher, S., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D. C., Grayson, J., Grimes, P., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J., Karkare, K. S., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S. A., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Lau, K., Leitch, E. M., Lennox, A., Megerian, K. G., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Namikawa, T., Nguyen, H. T., O’Brient, R., Ogburn, R. W., Palladino, S., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C. D., Richter, S., Schillaci, A., Schwarz, R., Schmitt, B. L., Sheehy, C. D., Soliman, A., Germaine, T. S., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R. V., Teply, G. P., Thompson, K. L., Tolan, J. E., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Umiltà, C., Vergès, C., Vieregg, A. G., Wandui, A., Weber, A. C., Wiebe, D. V., Willmert, J., Wong, C. L., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, H., Yoon, K. W., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, S., & BICEP/<i>Keck</i> Collaboration
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- Service des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- ORCID
- Ade, P. A. R.
- Ahmed, Z.
- Barkats, D.
- Bischoff, C. A.
- Beck, D.
- Bock, J. J.
- Buza, V.
- Cheshire, J. R.
- Cukierman, A.
- Dierickx, M.
- Eiben, M.
- Filippini, J. P.
- Goldfinger, D. C.
- Grimes, P.
- Halal, G.
- Halpern, M.
- Henderson, S.
- Hildebrandt, S. R.
- Irwin, K. D.
- Karkare, K. S.
- Kovac, J. M.
- Kuo, C. L.
- Leitch, E. M.
- Nakato, Y.
- Namikawa, T.
- Ogburn, R. W.
- Pryke, C.
- Racine, B.
- Schillaci, A.
- Sudiwala, R. V.
- Thompson, K. L.
- Tolan, J. E.
- Vergès, C.
- Vieregg, A. G.
- Wandui, A.
- Wiebe, D. V.
- Willmert, J.
- Wu, W. L. K.
- Young, E.
- Yu, C.
- Zeng, L.
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2021-10-04
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 151301-151301
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W3202102945
- Semantic Scholar
- 93637369c8e398b920a6f82f83adf5ffc4fbba76
- Cited by
- 1,014
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 253 · 2024: 218 · 2023: 203 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 80.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- HAL AMU (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0742818, 0742592, 1044978, 1110087, 1145172, 1145143, 1145248, 1639040, 1638957, 1638978, 1638970)
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (06-ARPA206-0040, 10-SAT10-0017, 12-SAT12-0031, 14-SAT14-0009, 16-SAT-16-0002)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- University of British Columbia
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/N000706/1)
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Office of Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- primordial gravitational waves, BICEP2, Keck Array, CMB polarization, tensor-to-scalar ratio, foreground modeling, polarized dust emission, synchrotron radiation, Planck, WMAP
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