The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters
Open accessAbstract
We report on an elementary quantum network of two atomic ions separated by 230 m. The ions are trapped in different buildings and connected with 520(2) m of optical fiber. At each network node, the electronic state of an ion is entangled with the polarization state of a single cavity photon; subsequent to interference of the photons at a beam splitter, photon detection heralds entanglement between the two ions. Fidelities of up to (88.0+2.2-4.7)% are achieved with respect to a maximally entangled Bell state, with a success probability of 4×10^{-5}. We analyze the routes to improve these metrics, paving the way for long-distance networks of entangled quantum processors.
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TL;DR
Two trapped-ion nodes in separate buildings 230 m apart were entangled using cavity-generated photons sent through 520(2) m of optical fiber and interfered at a beam splitter. Bell-state fidelities reached up to about 88% for short coincidence windows, with a correspondingly low heralding success probability.
Key findings
- The experiment entangled two single \(^{40}\mathrm{Ca}^+\) ions in different buildings separated by 230 m, connected by 520(2) m of fiber, with entanglement heralded by coincident detection of two 854 nm photons after beam-splitter interference.
- For a coincidence window \(T=1\,\mu\mathrm{s}\), the reconstructed Bell-state fidelities were \(F_+ = (88.0^{+2.2}_{-4.7})\%\) and \(F_- = (83.3^{+3.3}_{-6.4})\%\), based on 555 coincidence events and a rate of 3.5 min\(^{-1}\). For \(T=17.5\,\mu\mathrm{s}\), fidelities fell to \(F_+ = (58.7^{+1.7}_{-2.1})\%\) and \(F_- = (58.0^{+2.0}_{-2.9})\%\).
- Across 13,656,928 attempts, 4470 coincidences were recorded in the 5.5–23 \(\mu\mathrm{s}\) interval, giving a 0.033% success probability per attempt and a 0.49 s\(^{-1}\) entanglement rate; the high-fidelity \(T=1\,\mu\mathrm{s}\) subset corresponds to roughly \(4\times10^{-5}\) success probability.
- Calibration measurements gave ion-photon entanglement fidelities of \((92.9^{+0.4}_{-0.5})\%\) at Node A and \((95.5^{+0.6}_{-0.9})\%\) at Node B, while two-photon interference visibility reached 101(6)% for \(T=0.25\,\mu\mathrm{s}\). Fidelity decreased with longer coincidence windows, which the models attribute to reduced photon indistinguishability, detector background, imperfect ion-photon entanglement, and technical noise.
Methods
- Each node used a single \(^{40}\mathrm{Ca}^+\) ion in a linear Paul trap coupled to a 20 mm cavity; a bichromatic cavity-mediated Raman transition generated an ion-photon entangled state, and photons from the two nodes were overlapped on a balanced beam splitter for a photonic Bell-state measurement.
- Data were acquired over seven hours, with up to 20 attempts per entanglement sequence, 0.3 ms initialization, a 50 \(\mu\mathrm{s}\) Raman pulse, and a 50 \(\mu\mathrm{s}\) detection window; the ion-ion state was reconstructed by quantum state tomography over nine Pauli basis combinations using maximum-likelihood estimation, with uncertainties from Monte Carlo resampling.
- Two models were used: an empirical two-qubit density-matrix model incorporating photon distinguishability via Hong-Ou-Mandel visibility, detector background, and imperfect ion-photon entanglement; and a master-equation model for visibility including cavity frequency jitter, Raman-laser phase noise, and spontaneous emission.
Limitations
- The paper has no dedicated limitations section. It states that fidelity and heralding efficiency trade off: longer coincidence windows lower fidelity because photon distinguishability increases, and spontaneous emission is identified as the most significant challenge. Technical noise from cavity jitter (60–100 kHz) and Raman-laser phase noise, plus temporal wave-packet mismatch, also limit visibility.
- Evident from the text: only one ion per node was used, so register-based processing at network nodes was not demonstrated; the high-fidelity regime has a very low success probability, and the reported rates are 0.49 s\(^{-1}\) for the broader window and 3.5 min\(^{-1}\) for \(T=1\,\mu\mathrm{s}\).
- The phase \(\phi\) was optimized from the data rather than determined independently from the node phases \(\theta_A\) and \(\theta_B\), which is an evident methodological limitation for full independent characterization.
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15 Own result · 7 Sources not found · 7 Own interpretation · 4 Supported · 4 No basis given · 3 Partly supported · 2 Own method · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The remote ion-ion state is characterized via quantum state tomography, for which the sequence is repeated for all nine combinations of the Pauli measurement bases for 2 ion qubits [52].”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] 52. D. F. V. James, P. G. Kwiat, W. J. Munro, and A. G. White, Measurement of qubits, Phys. Rev. A 64, 052312 (2001). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section B, “Multiple beam Stokes parameters: multiple qubit tomography” (p. 4), supports tomography of two-qubit states and relates its measurement operators to Pauli operators. It describes a set of 16 measurements, however, not a sequence repeated for nine combinations of Pauli bases. The Introduction (p. 2) says its experiments use photon-polarization qubits, so it does not document the remote ion-ion procedure. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The probability for dephasing in the channel is parametrized by the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference visibility, which provides direct information about photon indistinguishability [58].”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [58] 58. G. Vittorini, D. Hucul, I. V. Inlek, C. Crocker, and C. Monroe, Entanglement of distinguishable quantum memo- ries, Phys. Rev. A 90, 040302(R) (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion on p. 1 links photon distinguishability and detection timing to decoherence, and p. 3 discusses fidelity loss from time-dependent phase shifts. Neither passage parametrizes a channel’s dephasing probability by Hong–Ou–Mandel interference visibility. Searches for HOM visibility and interference visibility found no passage establishing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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In the paper
“It is notable that the success probabilities shown in Fig. 2(b) are comparable to those achieved over a few meters in Ref. [10]”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] 10. L. J. Stephenson, D. P. Nadlinger, B. C. Nichol, S. An, P. Drmota, T. G. Ballance, K. Thirumalai, J. F. Goodwin, D. M. Lucas, and C. J. Ballance, High-Rate, High-Fidelity Entanglement of Qubits Across an Elementary Quantum Network, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 110501 (2020). source
The main text (p. 2) says the two ion-trap systems were separated by 2 m. The Fig. S3 caption in S3. ION-ION TOMOGRAPHY (p. 8) reports an entanglement-heralding success probability of 2.18 × 10⁻⁴ per attempt. The cited paper therefore supplies a success probability achieved over a few metres; the citing document’s Fig. 2(b) is not part of this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“Furthermore, efficient, low-noise and entanglement-preserving telecom wavelength conversion of the 854 nm photons used in the present Letter has been achieved [25,26]”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] 25. M. Bock, P. Eich, S. Kucera, M. Kreis, A. Lenhard, C. Becher, and J. Eschner, High-fidelity entanglement between a trapped ion and a telecom photon via quantum frequency conversion, Nat. Commun. 9, 1998 (2018). source
The Abstract reports polarization-preserving conversion of 854 nm photons to the 1310 nm telecom band, with 26.5% external efficiency and an 11.4 photons/s conversion-induced background. It also reports 98.2 ± 0.2% fidelity for entanglement between a trapped ion and the converted telecom photon. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [26] 26. V. Krutyanskiy, M. Meraner, J. Schupp, V. Krcmarsky, H. Hainzer, and B. P. Lanyon, Light-matter entanglement over 50 km of optical fibre, npj Quantum Inf. 5, 72 (2019). source
The Introduction (p. 2) reports conversion of 854 nm photons to 1550 nm with 25% device efficiency and 40 added noise photons per second. The Introduction (p. 3) reports an entangled-state fidelity of 0.92 ± 0.02 after conversion, supporting the entanglement-preserving description. (LLM, conf=0.93)
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At each network node, the electronic state of an ion is entangled with the polarization state of a single cavity photon”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We report on an elementary quantum network of two atomic ions separated by 230 m.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In this Letter, we report on the entanglement of two trapped ions separated by 230 m.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“we have verified entanglement over the longest trapped-ion network to date”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Remote entanglement of trapped ions more than a few meters apart had not previously been reported.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“subsequent to interference of the photons at a beam splitter, photon detection heralds entanglement between the two ions.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The HOM dip at τ ¼ 0 can be clearly observed.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“resulting in 4470 coincidence events within the interval ½t ¼ 5.5 μs; t ¼ 23 μs [Fig.2(a)], corresponding to a 0.033% probability of two-photon coincidence per attempt, which we define as the success probability.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“resulting in 4470 coincidence events within the interval ½t ¼ 5.5 μs; t ¼ 23 μs [Fig.2(a)]”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“our photon generation method is based on a cavity-mediated Raman process providing tunable entangled states [34] and high efficiency [35], which are advantageous for establishing long-distance entanglement [36].”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] 34. A. Stute, B. Casabone, P. Schindler, T. Monz, P. O. Schmidt, B. Brandstätter, T. E. Northup, and R. Blatt, Tunable ion- photon entanglement in an optical cavity, Nature (London) 485, 482 (2012). source
Citation [34] is attached to the tunable-entangled-states portion of the sentence, not the high-efficiency or long-distance claims assigned to [35] and [36]. The Abstract states that the paper's bichromatic, cavity-mediated Raman method allows control of the relative phase and amplitude of an ion–photon entangled state. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [35] 35. J. Schupp, V. Krcmarsky, V. Krutyanskiy, M. Meraner, T. Northup, and B. Lanyon, Interface between trapped-ion qubits and traveling photons with close-to-optimal effi- ciency, PRX Quantum 2, 020331 (2021). source
The citation to this paper is attached to “high efficiency,” rather than to tunable entangled states or long-distance entanglement. Section IV (p. 5) reports a 0.69(3) probability of collecting an ion-entangled photon at the cavity output, and the Conclusion (p. 8) describes the collection efficiency as a significant advance. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [36] 36. N. Sangouard, R. Dubessy, and C. Simon, Quantum repeaters based on single trapped ions, Phys. Rev. A 79, 042340 (2009). source
The citation to this paper is attached to the advantage for establishing long-distance entanglement, not specifically to tunable states or high efficiency. The paper’s opening summary (p. 1) describes cavity-emitted photons used to entangle remote ions and successive swapping to extend entanglement over long distances; the Introduction (p. 1) also identifies efficient photon collection as a requirement of the protocol. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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In the paper
“a particular strength of the trapped-ion platform is the capability for quantuminformation processing with dozens of addressed qubits in a single trap [22,23] and fidelities sufficient for faulttolerant gate operations and error correction [62,63].”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [22] 22. C. D. Bruzewicz, J. Chiaverini, R. McConnell, and J. M. Sage, Trapped-ion quantum computing: Progress and chal- lenges, Appl. Phys. Rev. 6, 021314 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (p. 2) says trapped-ion gates, preparation, and readout have achieved fidelities above those required by high-threshold fault-tolerant error-correction codes. But the DiVincenzo Criteria section (p. 3) reports only 20 ions in the largest fully controlled register, while Pros and Cons (p. 4) says larger chains with meaningful control and readout had not demonstrated entanglement between arbitrary ions. The copy therefore does not establish quantum-information processing with dozens of individually addressed qubits in one trap. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [23] 23. N. Friis, O. Marty, C. Maier, C. Hempel, M. Holzäpfel, P. Jurcevic, M. B. Plenio, M. Huber, C. Roos, R. Blatt, and B. Lanyon, Observation of Entangled States of a Fully Controlled 20-Qubit System, Phys. Rev. X 8, 021012 (2018). source
The Abstract reports 20 individually controlled trapped-ion qubits, and the Introduction states that each can be individually manipulated and read out. The Experimental Setup describes the ions in a single linear Paul trap. The separate claim about fault-tolerant fidelities is attached to citations [62,63], not this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. P. Kobel, M. Breyer, and M. Köhl, Deterministic spin- photon entanglement from a trapped ion in a fiber Fabry- Perot cavity, npj Quantum Inf. 7, 6 (2021). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. C. Ryan-Anderson, J. G. Bohnet, K. Lee, D. Gresh, A. Hankin, J. P. Gaebler, D. Francois, A. Chernoguzov, D. Lucchetti, N. C. Brown, T. M. Gatterman, S. K. Halit, K. Gilmore, J. A. Gerber, B. Neyenhuis, D. Hayes, and R. P. Stutz, Realization of Real-Time Fault-Tolerant Quantum Error Correction, Phys. Rev. X 11, 041058 (2021). source
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This capability provides a route to robust logical qubit encodings at network nodes [64], separate communication and information processing functionalities within each node [5,21], and quantum repeaters requiring Bell state measurements and either purification or error correction [65].”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [64] 64. L. Postler, S. Heußen, I. Pogorelov, M. Rispler, T. Feldker, M. Meth, C. D. Marciniak, R. Stricker, M. Ringbauer, R. Blatt, P. Schindler, M. Müller, and T. Monz, Demonstration of fault-tolerant universal quantum gate operations, Nature (London) 605, 675 (2022). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 3 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [5] 5. C. Monroe, R. Raussendorf, A. Ruthven, K. R. Brown, P. Maunz, L.-M. Duan, and J. Kim, Large-scale modular quantum-computer architecture with atomic memory and photonic interconnects, Phys. Rev. A 89, 022317 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 3 atoms — 2 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. L.-M. Duan and C. Monroe, Colloquium: Quantum networks with trapped ions, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1209 (2010). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] 65. M. Zwerger, B. P. Lanyon, T. E. Northup, C. A. Muschik, W. Dür, and N. Sangouard, Quantum repeaters based on trapped ions with decoherence-free subspace encoding, Quantum Sci. Technol. 2, 044001 (2017). source
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“in future long-distance networks limited by photon travel time, it will be success probabilities that determine entanglement rates [36].”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] 36. N. Sangouard, R. Dubessy, and C. Simon, Quantum repeaters based on single trapped ions, Phys. Rev. A 79, 042340 (2009). source
In Section II (p. 2), the paper gives the probability of a successful entanglement-creation attempt and states that attempts are spaced by the photon communication time L₀/c. It uses these quantities to calculate the average time to create entanglement, supporting the claim that success probability determines the rate when attempts are limited by photon travel time. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fidelities of up to ð88.0 þ 2.2 -4.7Þ% are achieved with respect to a maximally entangled Bell state, with a success probability of 4 × 10 -5 .”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
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In the paper
“In total, 13 656 928 attempts were made to generate remote entanglement”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
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In the paper
“We optimize F Æ over the phase ϕ in Eq. ( 1) because we did not determine θ A and θ B independently; this optimization yields ϕ ¼ 82.2°.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The fidelities of the reconstructed states are F þ ð17.5 μsÞ ¼ ð58.7 þ 1.7 -2.1Þ% and F -ð17.5 μsÞ ¼ ð58.0þ2.0-2.9Þ%”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
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In the paper
“The fidelities of the reconstructed states are F þ ð1 μsÞ ¼ ð88.0 þ 2.2 -4.7Þ% and F -ð1 μsÞ ¼ ð83.3 þ 3.3 -6.4Þ%.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The density matrices shown in Fig. 2(c) correspond to T ¼ 1 μs, for which we recorded 555 coincidence events, that is, a remote entanglement rate of 3.5 min -1 .”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ion-photon entanglement was characterized in a calibration measurement at each node via quantum state tomography immediately prior to ion-ion entanglement, and fidelities of ð92.9 þ 0.4 -0.5Þ% and ð95.5 þ 0.6 -0.9Þ% with respect to a maximally entangled state were obtained at Nodes A and B, respectively.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
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In the paper
“A detailed model is developed that captures the observed trade-off between the fidelity of remote entanglement and the heralding efficiency and shows how significant improvements can be made in the future.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The solid lines are calculated from the full model, taking into account all three sources of infidelity, while the dashed lines are calculated when photon distinguishability is excluded from the model.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For ion-photon entanglement, imperfections translate as a 2-qubit depolarizing channel on the ion-ion state.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spectral indistinguishability of the photons requires matching the resonant frequencies of the remote cavities.This is achieved via periodic calibration at 20 min intervals: 854 nm laser light that is resonant with the cavity at Node A is sent to Node B over a third fiber in the bundle, and the length of the Node B cavity is adjusted until it is resonant with this light.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, spontaneous emission during the Raman process provides information on which ion generated which cavity photon [53][54][55], that is, scattering introduces which-path information.”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53][54][55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“All parameter values used in the model are statistically consistent with independent estimates and determined via comparison of the model to measured single-photon wave packets (see the Supplemental Material [40]).”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] 40. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/ supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.050803 for details on the synchronization and stabilization procedures between the two nodes, a full description of our density-matrix model, an independent characterization of the noise sources, and the calculation of interference visibility, including Refs. [41-51].
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For ion-photon entanglement, imperfections translate as a 2-qubit depolarizing channel on the ion-ion state.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Uncertainties for F Æ ðTÞ and for all quantities derived from the density matrices are obtained via Monte Carlo resampling (see the Supplemental Material [40]).”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] 40. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/ supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.050803 for details on the synchronization and stabilization procedures between the two nodes, a full description of our density-matrix model, an independent characterization of the noise sources, and the calculation of interference visibility, including Refs. [41-51].
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also at 20 min intervals, the polarization rotation of the fiber that carries single photons is characterized and corrected for (see the Supplemental Material [40]).”
§ Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] 40. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/ supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.050803 for details on the synchronization and stabilization procedures between the two nodes, a full description of our density-matrix model, an independent characterization of the noise sources, and the calculation of interference visibility, including Refs. [41-51].
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Remote entanglement of trapped ions more than a few meters apart had not previously been reported.
“Remote entanglement of trapped ions more than a few meters apart has not previously been reported.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For ion-photon entanglement, imperfections translate as a 2-qubit depolarizing channel on the ion-ion state.
“For ion-photon entanglement, we assume that imperfections translate as a 2-qubit depolarizing channel on the ionion state (see the Supplemental Material [40]).”
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Progress in quantum teleportation
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“After the subsequent BSM, fidelities to Bell states of up to 88% at 230 m have been demonstrated in trapped-ions [123], and deterministic qubit state transfer between different NV-center nodes has also been shown [78].”
Telecom-Wavelength Quantum Repeater Node Based on a Trapped-Ion Processor
Krutyanskiy, V. L., Canteri, M., Meraner, M., Bate, J., Krcmarsky, V., Schupp, J., Sangouard, N., & Lanyon, B. P. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.213601 · Cited by 125
“Two remote trapped ions have previously been entangled over a few meters [11,14,22,23] and, using the ion-cavity system of this work, over 230 m [24].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMetropolitan-scale heralded entanglement of solid-state qubits
Stolk, A., van der Enden, K. L., Roehsner, M.-C., Raa, I. T., Botma, P., van Rantwijk, J., Biemond, J. J. B., Hagen, R., Herfst, R. W., Koek, W. D., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp6442 · Cited by 140
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BackgroundQuantum optical memory for entanglement distribution
Lei, Y., Asadi, F. K., Zhong, T., Kuzmich, A., Simon, C., & Hosseini, M. (2023) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.493732 · Cited by 105
“), e: [129], f: [174], g: [175], h: [176], i: [177] and j: [178].”
BackgroundTelecom Networking with a Diamond Quantum Memory
Bersin, E. A., Sutula, M., Huan, Y. Q., Suleymanzade, A., Assumpção, D., Wei, Y.-C., Stas, P.-J., Knaut, C. M., Knall, E., Langrock, C., et al. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.010303 · Cited by 93
“This approach also allows for interfacing SiVs with other quantum information platforms such as neutral atoms [40], trapped ions [12, 41], or other color centers in diamond [42, 43], where performing frequency conversion to a common wavelength would facilitate photonic-mediated entanglement…”
BackgroundRobust Quantum Memory in a Trapped-Ion Quantum Network Node
Drmota, P., Main, D., Nadlinger, D. P., Nichol, B. C., Weber, M., Ainley, E. M., Agrawal, A., Srinivas, R., Araneda, G., Ballance, C. J., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.090803 · Cited by 92
Multiplexed entanglement of multi-emitter quantum network nodes
Ruskuc, A., Wu, C.-J., Green, E., Hermans, S., Pajak, W., Choi, J., & Faraon, A. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08537-z · Cited by 111
Remote-Entanglement Protocols for Stationary Qubits with Photonic Interfaces
Beukers, H. K. C., Pasini, M., Choi, H., Englund, D. R., Hanson, R., & Borregaard, J. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.010202 · Cited by 83
Nonlocal photonic quantum gates over 7.0 km
Liu, X., Hu, X.-M., Zhu, T.-X., Zhang, C., Xiao, Y., Miao, J.-L., Ou, Z.-W., Li, P.-Y., Liu, B., Zhou, Z., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52912-3 · Cited by 75
“The accuracy of the phase estimation algorithm increases with the number of measurement registers.”
BackgroundHow to Wire a 1000 -Qubit Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer
Malinowski, M., Allcock, D. T. C., & Ballance, C. J. (2023) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.4.040313 · Cited by 54
High-Rate and High-Fidelity Modular Interconnects between Neutral Atom Quantum Processors
Li, Y., & Thompson, J. D. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.020363 · Cited by 68
“This rate is orders of magnitude higher than previously demonstrated [16, 18, 20, 22] or proposed [32, 33] remote entanglement approaches for atomic qubits.”
ResultState-of-the-art analysis of quantum cryptography: applications and future prospects
Sahu, S. K., & Mazumdar, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2024.1456491 · Cited by 62
High-fidelity remote entanglement of trapped atoms mediated by time-bin photons
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Multimode Ion-Photon Entanglement over 101 Kilometers
Krutyanskiy, V. L., Canteri, M., Meraner, M., Krcmarsky, V., & Lanyon, B. P. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.020308 · Cited by 54
Self-citationDemonstration of quantum network protocols over a 14-km urban fiber link
Kucera, S., Haen, C., Arenskötter, E., Bauer, T., Meiers, J., Schäfer, M., Boland, R., Yahyapour, M., Lessing, M., Holzwarth, R., et al. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00886-x · Cited by 39
“Demonstra-tions on laboratory scales have used memories based on single ions [26], single atoms [27, 28], solid-state qubits [29, 30], or atomic ensembles [31, 32].”
BackgroundLong-Lived Quantum Memory Enabling Atom-Photon Entanglement over 101 km of Telecom Fiber
Zhou, Y., Malik, P., Fertig, F., Bock, M., Bauer, T., van Leent, T., Zhang, W., Becher, C., & Weinfurter, H. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.020307 · Cited by 33
A thin film lithium niobate near-infrared platform for multiplexing quantum nodes
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Requirements for a processing-node quantum repeater on a real-world fiber grid
Avis, G., da Silva, F. F., Coopmans, T. J., Dahlberg, A., Jirovská, H., Maier, D., Rabbie, J., Torres‐Knoop, A., & Wehner, S. (2023) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00765-x · Cited by 39
An operating system for executing applications on quantum network nodes
Donne, C. D., Iuliano, M., van der Vecht, B., Ferreira, G. M., Jirovská, H., van der Steenhoven, T., Dahlberg, A., Skrzypczyk, M., Fioretto, D., Teller, M., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08704-w · Cited by 58
“I think the assumption of the TDMA MAC, with a centralized network controller, is one of the most critical assumptions and a potential barrier to future adoption.”
Self-citationFast Photon-Mediated Entanglement of Continuously Cooled Trapped Ions for Quantum Networking
O'Reilly, J. P., Toh, G., Goetting, I., Saha, S., Shalaev, M. I., Carter, A. L., Risinger, A., Kalakuntla, A., Li, T., Verma, A., et al. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.090802 · Cited by 40
Efficient cavity-assisted storage of photonic qubits in a solid-state quantum memory
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“Single quantum systems such as single atoms [17,18], vacancy centers in diamonds [19–21] and single trapped ions [22–25] have also been used as quantum memories.”
BackgroundNonreciprocal entanglement in cavity magnomechanics via the Barnett effect
Lu, T.-X., Li, Z.-S., Chen, L.-S., Wang, Y., Xiao, X. M., & Jing, H. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.013713 · Cited by 28
Transmission of light–matter entanglement over a metropolitan network
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Fault-tolerant optical interconnects for neutral-atom arrays
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Directional quantum-squeezing-enabled nonreciprocal enhancement of entanglement
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Site-Selective Cavity Readout and Classical Error Correction of a 5-Bit Atomic Register
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Distribution of telecom entangled photons through a 7.7 km antiresonant hollow-core fiber
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“Although this is significantly shorter than the record for entanglement distribution in SMF of 248 km [28], the potential for AR-HCFs to achieve lower propagation loss than SMF [18] could allow quantum communications in AR-HCF to surpass this limit in the near future.”
BackgroundThe road to quantum internet: Progress in quantum network testbeds and major demonstrations
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“An alternative scale-up approach is using photonic-interconnects in order to link small-scale ion-crystals [18–20].”
MethodTelecom quantum photonic interface for a 40Ca+ single-ion quantum memory
Arenskötter, E., Bauer, T., Kucera, S., Bock, M., Eschner, J., & Becher, C. (2023) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00701-z · Cited by 22
Zhang, G.-Q., Feng, W., Xiong, W., Xu, D., Su, Q.-P., & Yang, C. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.044014 · Cited by 21
“However, in practical applications, it is vital to entangle distant nodes in a quantum network [26–36].”
BackgroundFully Packaged Multichannel Cryogenic Quantum Memory Module
Starling, D. J., Shtyrkova, K., Christen, I., Murphy, R. P., Li, L., Chen, K. C., Kharas, D., Zhang, X., Cummings, J., Nowak, W. J., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.19.064028 · Cited by 19
Generation of entangled waveguided photon pairs by free electrons
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“Entangled photon pairs are routinely generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion, a second-order nonlinear process that conserves both the photon polarization and momentum [7–10].”
Entangling quantum memories via heralded photonic Bell measurement
Dhara, P., Englund, D. R., & Guha, S. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.033149 · Cited by 20
Low-Noise Quantum Frequency Conversion of Photons from a Trapped Barium Ion to the Telecom O-band
Saha, U., Siverns, J., Hannegan, J., Quraishi, Q. S., & Waks, E. (2023) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00581 · Cited by 20
Efficiency optimization in quantum computing: balancing thermodynamics and computational performance
Śmierzchalski, T., Mzaouali, Z., Deffner, S., & Gardas, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55314-z · Cited by 15
Challenges and opportunities for quantum information hardware
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Integrated photonic structures for photon-mediated entanglement of trapped ions
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“Here we assume that a partial Bell-state analyzer is used for the polarization and frequency protocols. rection code employed for entanglement distillation [26].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialQuantum Internet: Technologies, Protocols, and Research Challenges
Kumar, V., Cicconetti, C., Conti, M., & Passarella, A. (2025) · The International journal of networked and distributed computing · doi:10.1007/s44227-025-00060-5 · Cited by 32
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“Meanwhile a new result appeared (arXiv:2406.09480v1), it may be interesting how this compares.”
Self-citationDevice-independent quantum key distribution over 100 km with single atoms
Lu, B.-W., Yang, C.-W., Wang, R.-Q., Gao, B., Zhen, Y.-Z., Wang, Z., Shi, J.-K., Ren, Z.-Q., Hahn, T., Tan, E. Y.-Z., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aec6243 · Cited by 25
“Stars: this work (labels indicate the optimized excitation probability α at each L ); points: prior demonstrations (individual atoms [8, 12], NV/SIV centers [14, 15, 33], trapped ions [21], atomic ensembles [13]).”
An Architecture for Control of Entanglement Generation Switches in Quantum Networks
Gauthier, S., Vardoyan, G., & Wehner, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2023.3320047 · Cited by 20
Hänni, J., Rodríguez-Moldes, A. E., Appas, F., Wengerowsky, S., Lago-Rivera, D., Teller, M., Grandi, S., & de Riedmatten, H. (2025) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/wvv1-6lg8 · Cited by 18
“…of spatially separated atomic systems has already been performed in a variety of physical systems including single neutral atoms and ions [9–11], color centers in the solid-state [12– 14] or cold atomic clouds [15, 16] but their multiplexing capabilities have so far remained limited,…”
Self-citationGranados, G., Velásquez, W., Cajo, R., et al. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3577086 · Cited by 12
“QKD [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27] emerges as a promising solution to address these issues, employing quantum mechanical principles to deliver theoretically unbreakable security.”
Autonomous Distribution of Programmable Multiqubit Entanglement in a Dual-Rail Quantum Network
Agustí, J., Zhang, X. H. H., Minoguchi, Y., & Rabl, P. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.250801 · Cited by 13
Quantum cryptography integrating an optical quantum memory
Mamann, H., Nieddu, T., Hoffet, F., Bozzio, M., de Loubresse, F. G., Kerenidis, I., Diamanti, E., Urvoy, A., & Laurat, J. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adx3223 · Cited by 12
Tools for the Analysis of Quantum Protocols Requiring State Generation Within a Time Window
Davies, B., Beauchamp, T., Vardoyan, G., & Wehner, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2024.3358674 · Cited by 11
“A prime example is heralded entanglement generation, which is commonly used in present-day quantum networks (see, e.g., [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], and [10]).”
BackgroundPhoton-Interfaced Ten-Qubit Register of Trapped Ions
Canteri, M., Koong, Z. X., Bate, J., Winkler, A., Krutyanskiy, V. L., & Lanyon, B. P. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/v5k1-whwz · Cited by 23
Self-citationHigh-purity single-photon generation based on cavity QED
Kikura, S., Asaoka, R., Koashi, M., & Tokunaga, Y. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.7.013251 · Cited by 10
“In fact, several recent experiments have reported that the re-excitation significantly deteriorates the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference visibility [17, 18, 23].”
BackgroundHybrid classical-quantum communication networks
Lukens, J. M., Peters, N. A., & Qi, B. (2025) · Progress in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1016/j.pquantelec.2025.100586 · Cited by 21
Realization of a Crosstalk-Free Two-Ion Node for Long-Distance Quantum Networking
Lai, P.-C., Wang, Y., Shi, J.-X., Cui, Z.-B., Wang, Z.-Q., Zhang, S. F., Liu, P.-Y., Tian, Z., Sun, Y.-D., Chang, X.-Y., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.070801 · Cited by 12
“We believe that the enhancements through a cavity [18, 21, 27, 38, 42, 52] or via multiplexing [6, 22, 53–57] are promising approaches towards this goal.”
Self-citationMultiplexed color centers in a silicon photonic cavity array
Komza, L., Zhang, X., Song, H., Tang, Y., Wei, X., & Sipahigil, A. (2025) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.564691 · Cited by 16
“Quantum systems with optical interfaces, such as trapped ions [5–7], neutral atoms [8, 9], and color centers [10–13], are natural building blocks for quantum networks due to the low propagation loss of photons over long distances.”
Liu, W., & Wei, H. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.23.054075 · Cited by 12
“Long-distance quantum entanglement has been experimentally demonstrated in various systems [49–51], but the limited photon transmission rate restricts the efficiency of the multi-qubit long-distance entanglement generation.”
Enhancing tripartite photon-phonon-magnon entanglement by synergizing parametric amplifications
Wang, Y., Wu, J., Jiao, Y., Lu, T.-X., Zhang, H.-L., Jiang, L., Kuang, L., & Jing, H. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.013709 · Cited by 10
Third-order exceptional point in an ion–cavity system
Kim, J., Ha, T., Kim, D., Lee, D., Lee, K.-S., Won, J., Moon, Y., & Lee, M. (2023) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0168372 · Cited by 12
Quantum entanglement, teleportation, and randomness: Nobel Prize in Physics 2022
Fedorov, A. K., Kiktenko, E. O., Khabarova, K. Y., & Kolachevsky, N. (2023) · Physics-Uspekhi · doi:10.3367/ufnr.2023.06.039412 · Cited by 9
Requirements for upgrading trusted nodes to a repeater chain over 900 km of optical fiber
da Silva, F. F., Avis, G., Slater, J. A., & Wehner, S. (2024) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad7499 · Cited by 14
Rate-fidelity tradeoff in cavity-based remote entanglement generation
Tanji, K., Takahashi, H., Roga, W., & Takeoka, M. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.042405 · Cited by 9
Mode mixing and losses in misaligned microcavities
Hughes, W. J., Doherty, T. H., Blackmore, J. A., Horák, P., & Goodwin, J. F. (2023) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.496981 · Cited by 9
“These mirrors are typically highly spherical within the milling diameter [15] and continue to be used for leading experiments [6, 16].”
BackgroundProfile control of fiber-based micro-mirrors using adaptive laser shooting with in situ imaging
(2025) · doi:10.1364/oe.564341 · Cited by 7
“If combined with an improved fiber pre-shooting preparation procedure (Supplementary 3), our fiber mirror fabrication can be transformed to fully automated mass production, which is essential for quantum network applications such as quantum repeaters [50,51].”
Achar, S., Kundu, A., Ashok, C., & Sharma, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.3389/frqst.2024.1438340 · Cited by 7
ANN-enhanced detection of multipartite entanglement in a three-qubit NMR quantum processor
Gulati, V., Siyanwal, S., Arvind, & Dorai, K. (2025) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-025-04696-8 · Cited by 8
“In recent years, there has been a growing interest in experimental characterization of entanglement in various physical systems such as optics [9, 10], trapped ions [11, 12], cold atoms [13, 14], N-V Centers [15] and superconducting qubits [16].”
Integrated photon-pair source with monolithic piezoelectric frequency tunability
Brydges, T., Raja, A. S., Gelmini, A., Lihachev, G., Petitjean, A., Siddharth, A., Tian, H., Wang, R. N., Bhave, S. A., Zbinden, H., et al. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.052602 · Cited by 7
Wengerowsky, S., Duranti, S., Heller, L., & de Riedmatten, H. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.23.024049 · Cited by 8
“Also, it shows the possibility of interfacing solid-state quantum repeater nodes with processing nodes like cold calcium ions which emit photons of durations similar to the longest photons we converted here [7].”
An on-demand Resource Allocation Algorithm for a Quantum Network Hub and its Performance Analysis
Gauthier, S., Vasantam, T., & Vardoyan, G. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00204 · Cited by 7
Square Root Law for Covert Quantum Communication over Optical Channels
Anderson, E. J. D., Eyre, C. K., Dailey, I. M., Rozpędek, F., & Bash, B. A. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00211 · Cited by 6
Wang, M., Jiao, H., Lu, J., Fan, W., Li, S., & Wang, H. (2025) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.539388 · Cited by 9
“In the past two decades, entanglement between two quantum memories has been demonstrated with atomic ensembles [13–25], individual atoms [26–29], ions [30– 32] and solid-state spins [33–35], respectively.”
BackgroundCavity-Enhanced Spin-Wave Solid-State Quantum Memory
Feldmann, L., Wengerowsky, S., Das, A., Duranti, S., Hänni, J., Grandi, S., & de Riedmatten, H. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/8l9k-12k2 · Cited by 7
A Multilevel Framework for Partitioning Quantum Circuits
Burt, F., Chen, K.-C., & Leung, K. K. (2026) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2026-01-22-1984 · Cited by 9
Remote quantum networks based on quantum memories
Zhu, T.-X., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., & Li, C. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2024-0487 · Cited by 7
“Nowadays, the distance was extended to 230 m with a 520-m optical-fiber link in 2023 (Figure 3(d)) [95].”
Stolk, A., Biemond, J. J. B., van der Enden, K. L., van Dooren, L., van Zwet, E. J., & Hanson, R. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.23.014077 · Cited by 12
Optimization of quantum-repeater networks using stochastic automatic differentiation
Avis, G., & Krastanov, S. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/2g9m-h3jm · Cited by 12
“…(discussed below), the time window for photon detection [21, 93–95], the coincidence time window for double-click entanglement generation [34, 93, 94], the mean photon number of pulses used to drive SPDC sources [20, 96] and cutoff times that determine how much decoherence entangled states are…”
Asymmetric node placement in fiber-based quantum networks
Avis, G., Knegjens, R., Sørensen, A. S., & Wehner, S. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.052627 · Cited by 9
Taming the Recoil Effect in Cavity-Assisted Quantum Interconnects
Kikura, S., Inoue, R., Yamasaki, H., Goban, A., & Sunami, S. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/njh8-q7gb · Cited by 8
“…cavity-response rate: Ω( t ) ≫ γ and Ω( t ) ≫ min( κ, g 2 /κ ) . crucial the The former condition is to avoid reexcitation-induced infidelity [29, 30, 37, 38], whereas the latter allows us to simplify the atom-motion dynamics; under this realistic condition, the excitation and emission processes…”
A Control Architecture for Entanglement Generation Switches in Quantum Networks
Gauthier, S., Vardoyan, G., & Wehner, S. (2023) · Workshop on Quantum Networks and Distributed Quantum Computing (QuNet) · doi:10.1145/3610251.3610552 · Cited by 9
A photonic engine fueled by entangled two atoms
Feyisa, C. G., & Jen, H. H. (2024) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ad32e5 · Cited by 5
“Two-qubit entanglement is one of the most studied topics in various trapping and cooling systems [37–39].”
BackgroundQuantum repeaters: current research trends and latest achievements
Ахмеджанов, Р. А., Balega, Y. Y., Deev, A. D., & Kalachev, A. A. (2025) · Physics-Uspekhi · doi:10.3367/ufne.2025.05.039918 · Cited by 5
Ion-mediated interaction and controlled-phase-gate operation between two atomic qubits
Mudli, S., Mal, S., Rej, S. S., Dey, A., & Deb, B. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.062618 · Cited by 7
Soon, K. S., Hajdušek, M., Nagayama, S., Benchasattabuse, N., Teramoto, K., Satoh, R., & Meter, R. V. (2024) · International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC) · doi:10.1109/qcnc62729.2024.00014 · Cited by 11
“Experimental distribution of remote entanglement has been demonstrated in a number of physical systems such as trapped ions [10], [11], trapped neutral atoms [12], color centers in diamond [13], and superconducting qubits [14].”
BackgroundCussenot, P., Grivet, B., Feldmann, L., Wengerowsky, S., Lanyon, B. P., Northup, T. E., de Riedmatten, H., Sørensen, A. S., & Sangouard, N. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/hvsx-cx2d · Cited by 10
Self-citationAtomic fluorescence collection into planar photonic devices
Smedley, O., Natarajan, V., Jaramillo, O., Rivy, H. M., & Mehta, K. K. (2024) · Optica Quantum · doi:10.1364/opticaq.540626 · Cited by 5
“Resonant cavities offer a route to order unity collection efficiency at rates beyond that set by free-space spon-taneous emission [23–25]; the associated technical challenges though, particularly for ions, motivate an understanding of limits to free-space collection more readily implemented in…”
Disti-Mator, an entanglement distillation-based state estimator
Casapao, J. C. A., Maity, A. G., Benchasattabuse, N., Hajdušek, M., Meter, R. V., & Elkouss, D. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02352-2 · Cited by 8
Hoffet, F., Lowinski, J., Heller, L., Padrón-Brito, A., & de Riedmatten, H. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.030305 · Cited by 6
Optimal Switching Networks for Paired-Egress Bell State Analyzer Pools
Koyama, M., Yun, C., Taherkhani, A., Benchasattabuse, N., Sane, B. O., Hajdušek, M., Nagayama, S., & Meter, R. V. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00219 · Cited by 8
“If the network itself can be built with enough stability that its effect on polarization can be characterized at infrequent intervals, network operation will be more efficient [35]–[37].”
Deterministic Nonlocal Quantum Gate with Room-Temperature Memory Modules
Lei, X., Li, J., Zhou, X., Yan, J., Ji, M., Yan, Z., Jia, X., Xie, C., & Peng, K. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/xt77-2gpw · Cited by 4
A Two-Level Control Framework for Quantum Networks
Yu, S.-Y., Perego, E., Phillips, J., Cheah, Y.-W., Umesh, P., Gao, G., Liu, J., Kissel, E., Bregar, M., Sun, K., et al. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00145 · Cited by 4
“To date, a number of quantum network testbeds have been, or are being built around the world to demonstrate the building blocks of quantum networks [12], [15], [17], [19]–[25].”
Architecture for a quantum repeater based on Rydberg-atom quantum processors
Zhang, Y., Jie, Q., Li, M., Wu, S.-H., Wang, Z.-B., Zou, X., Zhang, P., Li, G., Zhang, T., Guo, G.-C., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/8rss-rqr2 · Cited by 4
Efficient entanglement purification based on noise guessing decoding
Roque, A., Cruz, D., Monteiro, F. A., & Coutinho, B. C. (2024) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2024-09-19-1476 · Cited by 7
“In experimental settings, notable progress has been made in establishing entan-glement between different components, as evidenced by successful demonstrations in various systems, including trapped ions [10–12], NV centers [13, 14], neutral atoms [15, 16], and superconducting circuits [17, 18].”
BackgroundScalable determination of multipartite entanglement in quantum networks
Kao, W., Huang, C.-Y., Tsai, T.-J., Chen, S.-H., Sun, S.-Y., Li, Y., Liao, T., Chuu, C., Lu, H., & Li, C. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00867-0 · Cited by 10
Scalable Timing Coordination of Bell State Analyzers in Quantum Networks
Mori, Y., Sasaki, T., Ikuta, R., Teramoto, K., Ohno, H., Hajdušek, M., Meter, R. V., & Nagayama, S. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00218 · Cited by 7
Backaction suppression for levitated dipolar scatterers
(2025) · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.013503 · Cited by 4
Mitigation of birefringence in cavity-based quantum networks using frequency-encoded photons
Zhang, C., Phillips, J., Monga, I., Saglamyurek, E., Wu, Q., & Haeffner, H. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/bckd-qzlp · Cited by 4
Satellites promise global-scale quantum networks
Goswami, S., Dhara, S., Sinclair, N., Mohageg, M., Sidhu, J. S., Mukhopadhyay, S., Krutzik, M., Lowell, J. R., Oi, D. K. L., Gündoğan, M., et al. (2025) · Optica Quantum · doi:10.1364/opticaq.567531 · Cited by 7
Johnson, S., Mishra, S., Pathak, A., & De, S. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02412-7 · Cited by 4
Success probabilities in time-reversal-based hybrid quantum state transfer
Randles, K., & van Enk, S. J. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.012415 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Krutyanskiy, V., Galli, M., Krcmarsky, V., Baier, S., Fioretto, D. A., Pu, Y., Mazloom, A., Sekatski, P., Canteri, M., Teller, M., Schupp, J., Bate, J., Meraner, M., Sangouard, N., Lanyon, B. P., & Northup, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Georgetown University (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Lanyon, B. P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2023-02-02
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 050803-050803
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W4294320751
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 32
- FWCI
- 20.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Library of the University of Innsbruck (University of Innsbruck) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (820445)
- Austrian Science Fund (F 7109, Y 849, J 4229)
- Army Research Office (W911NF-15-2-0060)
- National Science Foundation (PHY-1915130)
- Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- trapped-ion qubits, quantum networks, optical fiber links, cavity quantum electrodynamics, entanglement fidelity, quantum repeaters
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