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Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states
Abstract
A Bell inequality is derived for a state of n spin-1/2 particles which superposes two macroscopically distinct states. Quantum mechanics violates this inequality by an amount that grows exponentially with n.
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“While Bell’s inequality violation is established between pairs of quantum states through their density matrices (of size 2² × 2²)—which, in our case, are qubits—Mermin’s inequality applies to multi-particle interactions beyond isolated state pairs.”
From Mathematical proof of the Fisher-Escolà Q statistical distribution in quantum consciousness modeling (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
Citations
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- Bell, 1965, Physics (N.Y.), 1, 195
- Bohm, 1951, Quantum Theory
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“violations of Bell inequalities becomes stronger [6],[7].”
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“The verification of the GMN hinges on the utilization of specialized Bell-type inequalities, such as the Mermin-Ardehali-Belinskii-Klyshko (MABK) and Svetlichny inequalities [11, 13–15].”
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“5The three-body Bell inequality was introduced by Svetlichny [43] and generalized by Ardehali [46] based on insights by Mermin [62].”
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BackgroundExperimental detection of quantum entanglement
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“A striking feature of Mermin’s thought experiment is the exponential violation that is predicted; we obtain nothing similar here, just a violation comparable to Cirelson’s limit.”
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“In the quantum case, it is known from [2], [3] that the senders’ probability of reversing Cs’s action is equal to 1 2 (1 + 1 √ 2 ) if they can use a GHZ state for ρ.”
BackgroundInfluentialBell inequality tests of four-photon six-qubit graph states
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“The cat state considered here is the coherent superposition of two quasiclassical spin states |m = ±J〉 [78].”
BackgroundBell's inequalities and EPR-Bohm correlations: working classical radiofrequency model
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“GHZ’s argument, as stated by Mermin (1990a), goes as follows.”
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“Moreover, the inequalities obtained with our method for m = 4 appear to follow a pattern that we can generalise to all N , improving on the asymptotic results given by Mermin’s inequality [11].”
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“re can be 5 utilized on a much broader class of sources comparing to protocols using SV sources. 4. Amplication of a single weak min-entropy Source Our amplication protocol is based on a GHZparadox [24]. The devices used by the protocol are modeled as three non{communicating black boxes { nothing is assumed about thei…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mermin, N. D.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mermin, N. David
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1990-10
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1838-1840
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094119863
- Cited by
- 1,482
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Keywords
- Bell inequalities, quantum entanglement, macroscopic superposition, spin-1/2 particles, quantum violation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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