Cited by 195Strong Light-Matter InteractionsSemiconductor Quantum Structures and DevicesPlasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research

Two-Dimensional Superfluidity of Exciton Polaritons Requires Strong Anisotropy

Open access
Altman, Ehud, Sieberer, Lukas M., Chen, Leiming, Diehl, Sebastian, Toner, John·2015·Physical Review X

Abstract

New results point to surprising differences between fluids of light created in two-dimensional semiconductors and quantum fluids of matter particles. Unless a system is strongly anisotropic, the fluid of light cannot establish a single giant wave as conventional particles do in a Bose-Einstein condensate.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1103/physrevx.5.011017

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • For the intermediate two-dimensional case, the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition typical of equilibrium systems may be replaced by Kardar-Parisi-Zhang physics.

    “Even more subtle features have been pointed out for the intermediate two-dimensional case where the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition typical of equilibrium systems [128,129] may be replaced by a Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) physics [130][131][132].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 52

  1. J. Toner and Y. Tu, Long-Range Order in a Two- Dimensional Dynamical XY Model: How Birds Fly Together, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4326 (1995). · DOI
  2. N. D. Mermin and H. Wagner, Absence of Ferromagnetism or Antiferromagnetism in One or Two Dimensional Iso- tropic Heisenberg Models, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133 (1966). · DOI · Paper page
  3. I. Carusotto and C. Ciuti, Quantum Fluids of Light, Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 299 (2013). · DOI
  4. A. Mitra, S. Takei, Y. Kim, and A. Millis, Nonequilibrium Quantum Criticality in Open Electronic Systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 236808 (2006). · DOI
  5. S. Gopalakrishnan, B. L. Lev, and P. M. Goldbart, Atom- Light Crystallization of Bose-Einstein Condensates in Multimode Cavities: Nonequilibrium Classical and Quan- tum Phase Transitions, Emergent Lattices, Supersolidity, and Frustration, Phys. Rev. A 82, 043612 (2010). · DOI
  6. E. D. Torre, E. Demler, T. Giamarchi, and E. Altman, Dynamics and Universality in Noise-Driven Dissipative Systems, Phys. Rev. B 85, 184302 (2012). · DOI
  7. E. G. D. Torre, S. Diehl, M. D. Lukin, S. Sachdev, and P. Strack, Keldysh Approach for Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions in Quantum Optics: Beyond the Dicke Model in Optical Cavities, Phys. Rev. A 87, 023831 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  8. L. M. Sieberer, S. D. Huber, E. Altman, and S. Diehl, Dynamical Critical Phenomena in Driven-Dissipative Systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 195301 (2013). · DOI
  9. L. M. Sieberer, S. D. Huber, E. Altman, and S. Diehl, Nonequilibrium Functional Renormalization for Driven- Dissipative Bose-Einstein Condensation, Phys. Rev. B 89, 134310 (2014). · DOI
  10. G. I. Sivashinsky, Nonlinear Analysis of Hydrodynamic Instability in Laminar Flames-I. Derivation of Basic Equations, Acta Astronaut. 4, 1177 (1977). · DOI
  11. Y. Kuramoto, Chemical Oscillations, Waves, and Turbu- lence, Springer Series in Synergetics (Springer, Berlin, 1984).
  12. G. Grinstein, D. Mukamel, R. Seidin, and C. H. Bennett, Temporally Periodic Phases and Kinetic Roughening, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3607 (1993). · DOI
  13. G. Grinstein, C. Jayaprakash, and R. Pandit, Conjectures about Phase Turbulence in the Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation, Physica (Amsterdam) 90D, 96 (1996). · DOI
  14. M. Kardar, G. Parisi, and Y.-C. Zhang, Dynamic Scaling of Growing Interfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 889 (1986). · DOI
  15. D. E. Wolf, Kinetic Roughening of Vicinal Surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1783 (1991). · DOI
  16. J. Kasprzak, M. Richard, S. Kundermann, A. Baas, P. Jeambrun, J. M. J. Keeling, F. M. Marchetti, M. H. Szymanska, R. Andre, J. L. Staehli, V. Savona, P. B. Littlewood, B. Deveaud, and L. S. Dang, Bose-Einstein Condensation of Exciton Polaritons, Nature (London) 443, 409 (2006). · DOI
  17. R. Balili, V. Hartwell, D. Snoke, L. Pfeiffer, and K. West, Bose-Einstein Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons in a Trap, Science 316, 1007 (2007). · DOI
  18. H. Deng, G. S. Solomon, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and Y. Yamamoto, Spatial Coherence of a Polariton Condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 126403 (2007). · DOI
  19. G. Roumpos, M. Lohse, W. H. Nitsche, J. Keeling, M. H. Szymanska, P. B. Littlewood, A. Löffler, S. Höfling, L. Worschech, A. Forchel, and Y. Yamamoto, Power-Law Decay of the Spatial Correlation Function in Exciton- Polariton Condensates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 6467 (2012). · DOI
  20. V. V. Belykh, N. N. Sibeldin, V. D. Kulakovskii, M. M. Glazov, M. A. Semina, C. Schneider, S. Höfling, M. Kamp, and A. Forchel, Coherence Expansion and Polariton Con- densate Formation in a Semiconductor Microcavity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 137402 (2013). · DOI
  21. W. H. Nitsche, N. Y. Kim, G. Roumpos, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Hoefling, A. Forchel, and Y. Yamamoto, Algebraic Order and the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in an Exciton-Polariton Gas, arXiv:1401.0756. · arXiv
  22. A. Imamoglu, R. J. Ram, S. Pau, and Y. Yamamoto, Non- equilibrium Condensates and Lasers without Inversion: Exciton-Polariton Lasers, Phys. Rev. A 53, 4250 (1996). · DOI
  23. I. A. Shelykh, A. V. Kavokin, Y. G. Rubo, T. C. H. Liew, and G. Malpuech, Polariton Polarization-Sensitive Phenomena in Planar Semiconductor Microcavities, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 25, 013001 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  24. A. Chiocchetta and I. Carusotto, Non-equilibrium Quasi- condensates in Reduced Dimensions, Europhys. Lett. 102, 67007 (2013). · DOI
  25. M. J. Hartmann, F. G. S. L. Brandao, and M. B. Plenio, Quantum Many-Body Phenomena in Coupled Cavity Arrays, Laser Photonics Rev. 2, 527 (2008). · DOI
  26. I. Bloch, J. Dalibard, and W. Zwerger, Many-Body Physics with Ultracold Gases, Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 885 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
  27. M. Cross and P. Hohenberg, Pattern Formation outside of Equilibrium, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 851 (1993). · DOI · Paper page
  28. I. S. Aranson and L. Kramer, The World of the Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 99 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  29. M. Wouters and I. Carusotto, Excitations in a Nonequili- brium Bose-Einstein Condensate of Exciton Polaritons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 140402 (2007). · DOI
  30. J. Keeling and N. G. Berloff, Spontaneous Rotating Vortex Lattices in a Pumped Decaying Condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 250401 (2008). · DOI
  31. R. Graham and T. Tel, Steady-State Ensemble for the Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation with Weak Noise, Phys. Rev. A 42, 4661 (1990). · DOI
  32. M. Wouters, T. C. H. Liew, and V. Savona, Energy Relax- ation in One-Dimensional Polariton Condensates, Phys. Rev. B 82, 245315 (2010). · DOI
  33. M. Wouters and I. Carusotto, Superfluidity and Critical Velocities in Nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein Condensates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 020602 (2010). · DOI
  34. R. Graham, in Quantum Statistics in Optics and Solid-State Physics, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Vol. 66 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1973), p. 1-97.
  35. U. Deker and F. Haake, Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorems for Classical Processes, Phys. Rev. A 11, 2043 (1975). · DOI
  36. U. C. Täuber, in Ageing and the Glass Transition, edited by Malte Henkel, Michel Pleimling, and Roland Sanctuary, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 716 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007), p. 295-348.
  37. P. Hohenberg and B. Halperin, Theory of Dynamic Critical Phenomena, Rev. Mod. Phys. 49, 435 (1977). · DOI
  38. Y. M. Kagan, B. V. Svistunov, and G. V. Shlyapnikov, Erratum: Kinetics of Bose Condensation in an Interacting Bose Gas [Sov. Physics -JETP 74, 279-285 (February 1992)], J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 75, 387 (1992).
  39. L. Chen and J. Toner, Universality for Moving Stripes: A Hydrodynamic Theory of Polar Active Smectics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 088701 (2013). · DOI
  40. K. G. Lagoudakis, M. Wouters, M. Richard, A. Baas, I. Carusotto, R. André, L. S. Dang, and B. Deveaud-Plédran, Quantized Vortices in an Exciton-Polariton Condensate, Nat. Phys. 4, 706 (2008). · DOI
  41. B. Nelsen, G. Liu, M. Steger, D. W. Snoke, R. Balili, K. West, and L. Pfeiffer, Dissipationless Flow and Sharp Threshold of a Polariton Condensate with Long Lifetime, Phys. Rev. X 3, 041015 (2013). · DOI
  42. A. Dreismann, P. Cristofolini, R. Balili, G. Christmann, F. Pinsker, N. G. Berloff, Z. Hatzopoulos, P. G. Savvidis, and J. J. Baumberg, Coupled Counterrotating Polariton Condensates in Optically Defined Annular Potentials, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 8770 (2014). · DOI
  43. M. P. A. Fisher and G. Grinstein, Nonlinear Transport and 1=f α Noise in Insulators, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2322 (1992). · DOI
  44. D. N. Krizhanovskii, D. Sanvitto, I. A. Shelykh, M. M. Glazov, G. Malpuech, D. D. Solnyshkov, A. Kavokin, S. Ceccarelli, M. S. Skolnick, and J. S. Roberts, Rotation of the Plane of Polarization of Light in a Semiconductor Micro- cavity, Phys. Rev. B 73, 073303 (2006). · DOI
  45. L. Klopotowski, M. D. Martín, A. Amo, L. Viña, I. A. Shelykh, M. M. Glazov, G. Malpuech, A. V. Kavokin, and R. André, Optical Anisotropy and Pinning of the Linear Polarization of Light in Semiconductor Microcavities, Solid State Commun. 139, 511 (2006). · DOI
  46. G. Malpuech, D. D. Solnyshkov, H. Ouerdane, M. M. Glazov, and I. Shelykh, Bose Glass and Superfluid Phases of Cavity Polaritons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 206402 (2007). · DOI
  47. V. Savona, Effect of Interface Disorder on Quantum Well Excitons and Microcavity Polaritons, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19, 295208 (2007). · DOI
  48. A. Janot, T. Hyart, P. R. Eastham, and B. Rosenow, Super- fluid Stiffness of a Driven Dissipative Condensate with Disorder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 230403 (2013). · DOI
  49. V. L. Berezinskii, Destruction of Long-Range Order in One- Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Systems Possessing a Continuous Symmetry Group. II. Quantum Systems, Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 610 (1972).
  50. J. M. Kosterlitz and D. J. Thouless, Ordering, Metastability and Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional Systems, J. Phys. C 6, 1181 (1973). · DOI
  51. J. Keeling, Superfluid Density of an Open Dissipative Condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 080402 (2011). · DOI
  52. M. Kulkarni and A. Lamacraft, Finite-Temperature Dynamical Structure Factor of the One-Dimensional Bose Gas: From the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation to the Kardar- Parisi-Zhang Universality Class of Dynamical Critical Phenomena, Phys. Rev. A 88, 021603 (2013). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Altman, E., Sieberer, L. M., Chen, L., Diehl, S., & Toner, J.
Affiliations
  • Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
  • Universität Innsbruck (AT)
  • China University of Mining and Technology (CN)
  • University of Oregon (US)
Venue
Physical Review X
Published
2015-02-19
Volume
5
Issue
1
ISSN
2160-3308 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2065559138
Cited by
195
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10
FWCI
14.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physical Review X (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Simons Foundation (225579)
  • European Research Council
  • Israel Science Foundation
  • Austrian Science Fund (F4006-N16, Y 581-N16)
  • University of California
  • Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems
  • Miller Institute
  • Aspen Center for Physics
  • NSF (1066293)
  • National Science Foundation of China (11474354)
  • U.S. NSF (EF-1137815, 1006171)
  • German Research Foundation (ZUK 64)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
Keywords
exciton-polaritons, two-dimensional superfluidity, anisotropy, Bose-Einstein condensate, two-dimensional semiconductors, quantum fluids

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review