The DOI matches its Crossref record; 482 of the 482 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices
Open accessAbstract
Some years ago quantum hacking became popular: devices implementing the unbreakable quantum cryptography were shown to have imperfections which could be exploited by attackers. Security has been thoroughly enhanced, as a consequence of both theoretical and experimental advances. This review gives both sides of the story, with the current best theory of quantum security, and an extensive survey of what makes quantum cryptosystem safe in practice.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels
Bennett, C. H., Brassard, G., Crépeau, C., Jozsa, R., Peres, A., & Wootters, W. K. (1993) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.1895 · Cited by 13,703
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359340.359342 · Cited by 13,462
Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem
Ekert, A. K. (1991) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.661 · Cited by 10,777
Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems
Shannon, C. E. (1949) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x · Cited by 9,440 · cited 1×
“Note that, for the OTP scheme to be information-theoretically secure, it is important not to re-use the key (Shannon, 1949).”
BackgroundGisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W., & Zbinden, H. (2002) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.145 · Cited by 8,515
Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer
Shor, P. W. (1997) · SIAM Journal on Computing · doi:10.1137/s0097539795293172 · Cited by 8,472
Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor
Arute, F., Arya, K., Babbush, R., Bacon, D., Bardin, J. C., Barends, R., Biswas, R., Boixo, S., Brandao, F. G. S. L., Buell, D. A., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5 · Cited by 7,720
Kimble, H. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07127 · Cited by 6,023
A single quantum cannot be cloned
Wootters, W. K., & Zurek, W. H. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/299802a0 · Cited by 5,406 · cited 2×
“The quantum no-cloning theorem dictates that an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned reliably (D.Dieks, 1982; Wootters and Zurek, 1982).”
BackgroundMixed-state entanglement and quantum error correction
Bennett, C. H., DiVincenzo, D. P., Smolin, J. A., & Wootters, W. K. (1996) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.54.3824 · Cited by 5,272
Cited by
Advances in quantum cryptography
Pirandola, S., Andersen, U. L., Banchi, L., Berta, M., Bunandar, D., Colbeck, R., Englund, D., Gehring, T., Lupo, C., Ottaviani, C., et al. (2020) · Advances in Optics and Photonics · doi:10.1364/aop.361502 · Cited by 2,033
A device-independent quantum key distribution system for distant users
Zhang, W., van Leent, T., Redeker, K., Garthoff, R., Schwonnek, R., Fertig, F., Eppelt, S., Rosenfeld, W., Scarani, V., Lim, C. C.-W., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04891-y · Cited by 303
Quantum Key Distribution Networks - Key Management: A Survey
Dervisevic, E., Tankovic, A., Fazel, E., Kompella, R., Fazio, P., Voznak, M., & Mehic, M. (2025) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3730575 · Cited by 74
Fully integrated four-channel wavelength-division multiplexed QKD receiver
Beutel, F., Brückerhoff-Plückelmann, F., Gehring, H., Kovalyuk, V., Zolotov, P., Goltsman, G., & Pernice, W. H. P. (2022) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.468982 · Cited by 31
Non-Hermitian interacting quantum walks of correlated photons
Wan, T., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02038-9 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, F., Ma, X., Zhang, Q., Lo, H.-K., & Pan, J.-W.
- Venue
- Reviews of Modern Physics
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2020-05-26
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0034-6861 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-0756
- OpenAlex
- W3004357554
- Cited by
- 1,543
- References
- 482
- FWCI
- 69.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
