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Computational advantage of quantum random sampling
Open accessAbstract
Quantum computers have improved and recent experiments have claimed quantum advantage -- completion of a computational task that is evidently hard for any conventional computer. The problem solved is that of obtaining samples, by quantum measurement, from a certain probability distribution. This review shows in what precise way quantum random sampling can be seen as a computation. It explains what that computation solves, in what way it outperforms classical computations, and what methods of verification are available. Quantum random sampling becomes a first test of the presumed exponential computational advantage of quantum computers over classical ones.
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“At the same time, because the classical difficulty of sampling from the outputs of random quantum circuits has been extremely well studied over the past decade100, RCS provides a well-vetted benchmark for the computational power of a quantum computer.”
From A 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer with all-to-all connectivity (2026) · cites this paper as [100]
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Ehrenberg, A., Iosue, J. T., Deshpande, A., Hangleiter, D., & Gorshkov, A. V. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.042412 · Cited by 11
Self-citationQuantum tug of war between randomness and symmetries on homogeneous spaces
Arvind, R., Bharti, K., Khoo, J. Y., Koh, D. E., & Kong, J. F. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.7.013105 · Cited by 3
Binned-detector probability distributions for Gaussian boson sampling validation
Bressanini, G., Seron, B., Novo, L., Cerf, N. J., & Kim, M. S. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/jqvf-pm1r · Cited by 9
Local coherence by thermalized intra-system coupling
Kolář, M., & Filip, R. (2024) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad57e8 · Cited by 3
Tailoring Nuclear Spins Order With Defects: A Quantum Technology CAD Study
Calogero, G., Deretzis, I., Fisicaro, G., Ricciarelli, D., Viglione, R. G., & Magna, A. L. (2025) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202500160 · Cited by 2
Scalable projected entangled-pair state representation of random quantum circuit states
Lee, S., Choi, H. R., Ohm, D. D., & Lee, S. B. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/rzgm-cywf · Cited by 2
Neural-Network-Assisted Monte Carlo Sampling Trained by Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm
Nakano, Y., Okada, K. N., & Fujii, K. (2026) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/9nhx-5pym · Cited by 6
Configurable Photonic Simulator for Quantum Field Dynamics
D'Achille, M., Gärttner, M., & Haas, T. (2026) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/8z9p-tygz · Cited by 4
Random Regular Graph States Are Complex at Almost Any Depth
Ghosh, S., Hangleiter, D., & Helsen, J. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/52xz-3hpc · Cited by 6
Self-citationPenetration testing of a quantum key distribution system as a black box
Huang, A., Peng, Q., Liu, J., Yuan, X., Peng, C., Yang, Z., Wu, H., Chen, Z., Sun, G., Wang, F., et al. (2026) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwag174 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hangleiter, D., & Eisert, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hangleiter, Dominik
- Venue
- Reviews of Modern Physics
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2023-07-20
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0034-6861 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-0756
- OpenAlex
- W4384935381
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 377
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 12
- FWCI
- 12.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Reviews of Modern Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion)
- HZB Repository (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB)) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, University of California Berkeley
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 183, EI 519/21-1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- QuantERA
- Einstein Stiftung Berlin
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (817482)
- German Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection
- Munich Quantum Valley
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- quantum advantage, quantum measurement, probability distributions
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