Cited by 857Handwritten Text Recognition TechniquesVehicle License Plate RecognitionHand Gesture Recognition Systems

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The state of the art in online handwriting recognition

Tappert, C.C., Suen, C.Y., Wakahara, T.·1990·IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

Abstract

This survey describes the state of the art of online handwriting recognition during a period of renewed activity in the field. It is based on an extensive review of the literature, including journal articles, conference proceedings, and patents. Online versus offline recognition, digitizer technology, and handwriting properties and recognition problems are discussed. Shape recognition algorithms, preprocessing and postprocessing techniques, experimental systems, and commercial products are examined.>

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/34.57669

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The recognition of handwritten characters from a pen trajectory on a digitizing surface is often done in the time domain.

    “The recognition of handwritten characters from a pen trajectory on a digitizing surface is often done in the time domain [44], [110], [111].”

    From Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition (1998) · cites this paper as [111]

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 287

  1. wright, 1952, The Writing of Arabic Numerals
  2. worthington, 1985, Computer Security The Practical Issues in a Troubled World
  3. 10.1016/0031-3203(80)90062-X · DOI
  4. yacyk, 1978, Alphabetic handprint reading, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 8, 279
  5. wolf, 1987, A comparative evaluation of gestural and conventional interfaces
  6. wolf, 1986, Can people use gesture commands
  7. wong, 1985, Dynamic programming in the recognition of connected handwritten script, Proc 2nd Conf Artificial Inteti Appl, 666
  8. 10.1016/0031-3203(86)90040-3 · DOI
  9. 10.1016/S0020-7373(87)80045-7 · DOI
  10. 10.1145/62959.62960 · DOI
  11. 10.1145/1463822.1463826 · DOI
  12. 10.1145/1464052.1464081 · DOI
  13. 10.1016/S0019-9958(64)90142-1 · DOI
  14. miller, 1969, On-line recognition of hand-generated symbols, Proc FJCC, 34, 399
  15. miletzki, 1987, Paper interfaces for office systems, ESPRIT 86 Results and Achievements, 373
  16. 10.1109/TPAMI.1984.4767545 · DOI
  17. miller, 1972, Real-time classification of handwritten script words, Proc IFIP Congr Inform Processing 1971, 218
  18. mandler, 1987, Advanced preprocessing technique for on-line script recognition of nonconnected symbols, Proc 3rd Int Symp on Handwriting and Comput Applic, 64
  19. mandler, 1985, Experiments in on-line script recognition, Proc 9th Scandinavian Conf Image Anal, 75
  20. 10.1109/TASSP.1986.1164836 · DOI
  21. cheng, 1973, Computer-based Chinese teaching program at Illinois, Journal of Chinese Language Teachers' Association, 8, 75
  22. 1976, Electrographic system
  23. 1981, Travelling wave digitizer
  24. buxton, 1983, Continuous hand-gesture driven input, Proc Graphics Interface 83, 191
  25. buxton, 1986, Chunking and phrasing and the design of human-computer dialogs, Proc IFIP World Computer Congress
  26. chen, 1973, Computer aided learning of the writing of Chinese characters
  27. 10.4992/jjpsy.54.58 · DOI
  28. 10.1142/S0218001488000108 · DOI
  29. whitrow, 1987, The application of n-grams for script recognition, Proc 3rd Int Symp on Handwriting and Comput Applic, 92
  30. chen, 1985, Hierarchical primitives matching: A structural method for cursive script recognition, Proc 9th Scandinavian Conf Image Anal, 59
  31. 10.1109/ICECENG.2011.6057831 · DOI
  32. chang, 1973, An experimental system for the recognition of handwritten Chinese characters, Proc 1st Int Symp Comput and Chinese Input-Output Syst, 257
  33. zobrak, 1967, A method of recognition of hand drawn line patterns, ? roc 1st Princeton Conf Inform Sci Syst, 240
  34. yurugi, 1985, Online character recognition by hierarchical analysis method, Trans Inst Electron Commun Eng Japan, j68 d, 1320
  35. yoshida, 1973, Handwritten Chinese character recognition by analysis-by-synthesis method, Proc 1st Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 197
  36. 10.1109/ICPR.1988.28462 · DOI
  37. 10.1109/TCE.1982.353911 · DOI
  38. munson, 1968, Experiments in the recognition of hand-printed text: Part I?Character recognition, Proc FJCC, 1125
  39. 10.1147/rd.252.0187 · DOI
  40. ye, 1984, Techniques for on-line Chinese character recognition with reduced writing constraints, Proc 7th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 1043
  41. yasuhara, 1977, Signature verification experiment based on nonlinear time alignment: A feasibility study, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 7, 212
  42. 10.1109/ICASSP.1986.1168951 · DOI
  43. murase, 1985, Online writing-box free character string recognition by candidate character lattice method, Trans Inst Electron Commun Eng Japan, j68 d, 765
  44. murase, 1983, On-line recognition algorithm for hand-sketched flowchart by candidate lattice method, Syst Comput Contr, 14, 37
  45. 10.1016/0031-3203(86)90019-1 · DOI
  46. 10.1016/S0019-9958(60)90770-1 · DOI
  47. 10.1037/0096-1523.2.3.394 · DOI
  48. nakagawa, 1982, On-line recognition of handwritten Japanese characters in JOL1S-1, Proc 6th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 776
  49. nagayama, 1985, Pen-touch-type-clectro-magnetic transparent touch panel, 1985 SID Int Symp Dig Tech Papers
  50. 10.1109/TPAMI.1981.4767176 · DOI
  51. 1981, Information ProcessingLetters
  52. 10.1142/S0218001488000133 · DOI
  53. 10.1109/TPAMI.1983.4767435 · DOI
  54. 10.1109/TPAMI.1982.4767321 · DOI
  55. 10.1016/0031-3203(83)90049-3 · DOI
  56. 10.1109/34.23114 · DOI
  57. 10.1109/PGEC.1964.263937 · DOI
  58. 10.1016/0031-3203(83)90049-3 · DOI
  59. de bruyne, 1986, Signature verification with elastic image matching, Proceedings International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, 113
  60. yamasaki, 1984, Training system for well-writing based on on-line character recognition, Proc 7th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 1039
  61. 10.1109/MCG.1986.276589 · DOI
  62. yasuhara, 1975, Experimental studies of handwriting process, 25 2, 233
  63. 10.1016/0262-8856(86)90048-X · DOI
  64. day, 1972, Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures, 233
  65. leedham, 1985, On-line acquisition of Pitman's handwritten shorthand as a means of rapid data entry, Proc First IFIP Conf Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT 84, 86
  66. 10.1016/0031-3203(87)90008-2 · DOI
  67. lettera, 1986, Use of a dictionary in conjunction with a handwritten texts recognizer, Proc 8th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 699
  68. lettera, 1985, Handwritten documents recognition with dictionary information support, 13, 419
  69. lamarche, 1984, Segmentation and feature extraction of handwritten signature patterns, Proc 7th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 756
  70. 10.1145/800045.801596 · DOI
  71. ledeen, 1973, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, 575
  72. 10.1109/ICASSP.1988.196741 · DOI
  73. kuo, 1988, IOLCR, An on-line Chinese character recognition system, Proc 1988 Int Conf Comput Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, 108
  74. 10.1147/rd.311.0091 · DOI
  75. kurtzberg, 1982, Segmentation procedure for handwritten symbols and words, IBM Tech Disclosure Bull, 25, 3848
  76. duda, 1968, Experiments in the recognition of hand-printed text: Part II?Context analysis, Proc FJCC, 1139
  77. 10.1109/MM.1984.291259 · DOI
  78. doster, 1985, Pattern recognition techniques as a stimulus for advanced text processing, Proc 2nd Int Conf Text Processing Syst, 155
  79. 1976, A systematic method for character recognition
  80. 1963, Machine reading of handwritten characters
  81. dimond, 1957, Devices for reading handwritten characters, Proc Eastern Joint Comput Conf, 232
  82. van der gon, 1965, The guiding of human writing movements, Kybernetik, 2, 145, 10.1007/BF00272310 · DOI
  83. 10.1088/0031-9155/6/3/304 · DOI
  84. chuang, 1973, Computer aided instruction in Chinese characters, Proc 1st Int Symp Comput and Chinese Input-Output Syst, 599
  85. 1985, Character recognition device
  86. 10.1109/TPAMI.1982.4767275 · DOI
  87. loh, 1988, On-line recognition of hand-written Chinese characters, Proc 1988 Int Conf Comput Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, 58
  88. liu, 1979, Automatic signature verification: System description and field test results, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 9, 35
  89. litvin, 1982, Principles of evaluation for handwritten and cursive text recognition methods
  90. 10.1109/MSPEC.1965.5212951 · DOI
  91. lin, 1988, A new approach to on-line Chinese character recognition by sentence contextual information using the relaxation technique, Proc 1988 Int Conf Comput Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, 131
  92. li, 1967, On recognition of handwriting Chinese characters, Proc 1st Princeton Conf Inform Sei Syst, 235
  93. 1974, Character set for hand-printing
  94. anderson, 1968, Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics, 436, 10.1016/B978-0-12-395608-8.50048-7 · DOI
  95. arakawa, 1978, On-line recognition of handwritten characters?Alphanumerics, Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji, Proc 4th Int Joint Conf Pattern Recognition, 810
  96. apsey, 1978, Human factors for constrained handprint for OCR, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 8, 292
  97. 10.1109/TPAMI.1984.4767483 · DOI
  98. 10.1147/rd.244.0496 · DOI
  99. 10.1145/1464052.1464080 · DOI
  100. becker, 1972, Pattern recognition using dynamic pictorial information, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 2, 434, 10.1109/TSMC.1972.4309141 · DOI
  101. levine, 1987, An electronic podium for the classroom, 1987 SID Int Symp Dig Tech Papers
  102. bernstein, 1968, Pattern Recognition, 109
  103. 10.1016/0025-5564(80)90014-0 · DOI
  104. 1975, Handwriting System
  105. 1985, Method for distinguishing between complex charactersets
  106. crane, 1977, The SRI pen system for automatic signature verification, Proc Symp NBS Trends and Appl 1977, 32
  107. 10.1109/C-M.1977.217674 · DOI
  108. cox, 1978, The graphical context of printed characters, Visible Language, 12, 428
  109. coleman, 1969, Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics, 282
  110. 10.1109/TSMC.1983.6313165 · DOI
  111. 10.1016/0031-3203(82)90056-5 · DOI
  112. 1983, IBM Res Rep
  113. tappert, 1978, Elastic matching for handwritten symbol recognition, Proc IBM Int Conf Image Processing Pattern Recognition
  114. 10.1109/MCG.1984.6429355 · DOI · Paper page
  115. 1973, Optical graphic data tablet
  116. 10.1109/TC.1979.1675310 · DOI
  117. fairhurst, 1982, Image characteristics as assessment criteria for an electronic writing aid, Proc Int Conf Man-Mach Syst, 191
  118. 10.3758/BF03202447 · DOI
  119. 1964, Automatic recognition of handwriting
  120. fox, 1984, Segmenter for known number of characters, IBM Tech Disclosure Bull, 27, 3691
  121. fox, 1987, On-line external word segmentation for handwriting recognition, Proc 3rd Int Symp on Handwriting and Comput Applic
  122. frishkopf, 1961, Information Theory (4th London Symp ), 300
  123. fujitnoto, 1976, Recognition of handprinted characters by nonlinear elastic matching, Proc 3rd Int Joint Conf Pattern Recognition, 113
  124. 10.1016/0031-3203(79)90001-3 · DOI
  125. eden, 1961, Information Theory (4th London Symp )
  126. earnest, 1962, Information Processing, 462
  127. eden, 1962, Handwriting and pattern recognition, IRE Trans Inform Theory, it 8
  128. eden, 1968, Recognizing Patterns, 138
  129. eden, 1961, Information Theory (4th London Symp ), 287
  130. ehrich, 1973, A contextual post-processor for cursive script recognition?Summary, Proc 1st Int Joint Conf Pattern Recognition, 169
  131. 10.1109/T-C.1975.224184 · DOI
  132. 1968, Digital computer and graphic input system
  133. 1977, Data entry and decoding system for scripted data
  134. 10.1145/325165.325240 · DOI
  135. 1978, Human-machine interface apparatus
  136. plamondon, 1986, On-line recognition of handprint schematic pseudocode for automatic Fortran code generation, Proc 8th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 741
  137. 1981, On-line pattern recognition system for hand-written characters
  138. odaka, 1982, On-line recognition of handwritten characters by approximating each stroke with several points, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 12, 898
  139. 1982, Pattern recognition system for hand-written characters operating on an on-line real-time basis
  140. odaka, 1986, Stroke-order-independent on-line character recognition algorithm and its application, Rev Elec Commun Lab, 34, 79
  141. 10.1016/0031-3203(80)90018-7 · DOI
  142. 10.1016/0031-3203(76)90034-0 · DOI
  143. 1985, Apparatus and method for emulating computer keyboard input with a handprint terminal
  144. hanaki, 1969, Real time recognition of handprinted characters?Japanese character 'Katakana' recognition, Proc Hawaii Int Conf Syst Sci, 345
  145. nugent, 1967, The on-line recognition of cursive writing using geometric-topological invariants of stroke succession, Proc 1st Annu IF F E Comput Conf, 145
  146. 1972, Machine recognition of symbols
  147. o'callaghan, 1970, Picture Language Machines
  148. 10.1145/356827.356830 · DOI · Paper page
  149. guberman, 1976, Algorithm for the recognition of handwritten text, Avtomatika i Teiemekanika, 5, 122
  150. 1963, Method and apparatus for reading cursive script
  151. 1964, Automatic reading of cursive script
  152. harmon, 1962, Optical Character Recognition, 151
  153. harmon, 1962, Handwriting reader recognizes whole words, Electronics, 35, 29
  154. gaillat, 1974, An on-line recognizer with learning capabilities, Proc 2nd Int Joint Conf Pattern Recognition, 305
  155. 1970, Handwritten character recognition apparatus
  156. 1980, Nonplanar transparent electrographic sensor
  157. gaines, 1984, Some experience in the real-time processing of handwriting, Proc 7th Int Conf Pattern Recognition, 630
  158. fujisaki, 1971, On-line recognition of handwritten numerals, 30, 103
  159. grover, 1979, Displays, 83, 10.1016/0141-9382(79)90031-3 · DOI
  160. 1982, Chinese/Kanji on-line recognition system
  161. 10.1145/1464291.1464355 · DOI
  162. groner, 1968, Pattern Recognition, 103
  163. 10.1109/PGEC.1967.264750 · DOI
  164. 10.1016/0745-7138(86)90018-7 · DOI
  165. hart, 1986, Pencept Penpad with Pencad, PC Mag, 5, 152
  166. 10.1109/PROC.1972.8878 · DOI
  167. 1981, "Acoustic Writing Combination Comprising a Stylus with an Associated Writing Tablet "
  168. pobgee, 1972, Application of a low cost graphical input tablet, Inform Processing, 71, 738
  169. 10.1016/0031-3203(73)90022-8 · DOI
  170. 10.1016/0031-3203(89)90059-9 · DOI
  171. pobgee, 1972, Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures
  172. rhyne, 1986, Gestural interfaces for information processing applications
  173. 1981, Coarse position digitizer
  174. 1980, Graphic digitizer
  175. rhyne, 1986, Dialog management for gestural interfaces
  176. sakai, 1984, Several approaches to development of on-line handwritten character input equipment, ?roc 10th Int Conf on Pattern Recognition, 1052
  177. rybak, 1972, Recognition of handwritten symbols in the process of writing, Kibernetika, 2, 104
  178. sankoff, 1983, Time Warps String Edits and Macromolecules The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison
  179. sato, 1985, Online recognition of cursive writings, Trans Inst Electron Commun Eng Japan, j68 d, 2116
  180. 10.1016/0031-3203(73)90044-7 · DOI
  181. schlosser, 1985, A new high-performance digitizer for computer graphics and display applications, 1985 SID Int Symp Dig Tech Papers
  182. schoonard, 1987, A behavioral study of a computer hand print recognition system
  183. shiau, 1988, On-line handwritten Chinese character recognition by string matching, Proc 1988 Int Conf Comput Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, 76
  184. shillman, 1974, A biography in character recognition: techniques for describing characters, Visible Language, 8, 151
  185. shillman, 1974, Experimental methodologies for character e�cognition based on phenomenological attributes, Proc 2nd Int Joint Conf Pattern Recognition, 195
  186. 10.1016/S0020-7373(76)80043-0 · DOI
  187. 10.1109/TPAMI.1982.4767199 · DOI
  188. shillman, 1976, Empirical tests for feature selection based on a psychological theory of character recognition, Pattern Recognition, 3, 77
  189. suen, 1979, A study of man-machine interaction problems in character recognition, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, smc 9, 732
  190. suen, 1975, Handwriting education?A bibliography of contemporary publications, Visible Language, 9, 145
  191. 1983, Papers from the Int. Workshop on the Motor Aspects of Handwriting, Acta Psychol, 54
  192. sniderman, 1979, The evolution of the SSP score editing tools, Comput Music J, 3, 14
  193. 10.1109/MSPEC.1967.5215856 · DOI
  194. 10.1016/0031-3203(86)90025-7 · DOI
  195. 10.1080/01449298208914450 · DOI
  196. ishii, 1986, Stroke order free online handwritten Kanji character recognition method by means of stroke representation points, Trans Inst Electron Commun Eng Japan, 1069
  197. ishigaki, 1988, A top-down online handwritten character recognition method via the denotation of variation, Proc 1988 Int Conf Comput ?rocesing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, 141
  198. 1987, Proc 3rd Int Symp on Handwriting and Comput Applic
  199. 10.1109/TSMC.1976.5409186 · DOI
  200. kamada, 1987, A CAL system based on Kanji recognition for learning Japanese, ? roc 3rd Int Symp Handwriting Comput Appl, 188

200 of 287 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Tappert, C. C., Suen, C. Y., & Wakahara, T.
Affiliations
  • IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
  • Concordia University (CA)
  • NTT (Japan) (JP)
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Published
1990
Volume
12
Issue
8
Pages
787-808
ISSN
0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2055075080
Cited by
857
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 41
FWCI
23.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Vehicle License Plate Recognition
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Hand Gesture Recognition Systems
Keywords
online handwriting recognition, offline handwriting recognition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review