Cited by 4,001Medical Image Segmentation TechniquesImage and Object Detection TechniquesImage and Signal Denoising Methods

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Snakes, shapes, and gradient vector flow

Chenyang Xu, Prince, J.L.·1998·IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

DOI 10.1109/83.661186

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Abstract

Snakes, or active contours, are used extensively in computer vision and image processing applications, particularly to locate object boundaries. Problems associated with initialization and poor convergence to boundary concavities, however, have limited their utility. This paper presents a new external force for active contours, largely solving both problems. This external force, which we call gradient vector flow (GVF), is computed as a diffusion of the gradient vectors of a gray-level or binary edge map derived from the image. It differs fundamentally from traditional snake external forces in that it cannot be written as the negative gradient of a potential function, and the corresponding snake is formulated directly from a force balance condition rather than a variational formulation. Using several two-dimensional (2-D) examples and one three-dimensional (3-D) example, we show that GVF has a large capture range and is able to move snakes into boundary concavities.

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Authors: Xu, C., & Prince, J. L.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Chenyang Xu
Prince, J.L.
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 1998-03
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Pages: 359-369
ISSN: 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1109/83.661186
OpenAlex: W2145803225
Cited by: 4,001
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 135 · 2016: 165 · 2015: 221 · 2014: 236 · 2013: 243 · 2012: 274
FWCI: 35.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image and Object Detection Techniques
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image and Signal Denoising Methods
Keywords: snakes, gradient vector flow, external forces, edge maps, gradient diffusion, force balance, object boundary detection

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Snakes, shapes, and gradient vector flow

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