Reaping the Benefits of Smart Electric Vehicle Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies: Regulatory, Policy and Technical Aspects
Open accessAbstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are penetrating rapidly into the transport sector while making profound implications on the electricity and energy sectors. Although EVs have many benefits, it poses several challenges on power grid operators. Uncoordinated EV charging is one of the critical issues that need to be addressed to mitigate the potential adverse effects on power grids. Smart charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies could alleviate these adverse effects but requires policies and regulatory frameworks to increase the uptake of these technologies. This paper presents a critical review on the effects of uncoordinated charging of EVs, and the benefits of smart charging and V2G considering the published research studies and real-world field trials. Simulation case studies also demonstrate the adverse effects of uncoordinated charging and the benefits of smart charging. According to this study, uncoordinated charging increases the peak load, which in turn causes high power losses, voltage violations, voltage unbalance, reduction of transformer lifespan and harmonic distortion. This study has established that smart charging alleviates these network issues and brings a wide range of economic, social, and environmental benefits. In particular, role of smart charging as a mandatory requirement for attaining the net-zero decarbonization target of the transport sector is highlighted. Finally, the paper sheds light on the policy, standards and regulatory frameworks that need to be implemented to promote smart charging and V2G technologies among EV owners and charging infrastructure developers.
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First-generation biofuels derived from food crops face sustainability challenges due to direct competition with food supply, concerns about food prices and security, and extensive land and water requirements.
“1-G biofuels, derived from food crops [100], face significant sustainability challenges due to direct competition with food supply, leading to concerns about food prices and security, and extensive land and water requirements [104,105,382].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [382]
The Introduction and the section on other network effects discuss electric vehicles and grid impacts, not biofuels. Searches for first-generation biofuels, food-supply competition, and land and water requirements found no passage addressing the attributed sustainability challenges. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProduction of e-Fuels necessitates monumental build-out of new infrastructure for renewable electricity generation, potentially large-scale CO2 capture facilities and pipeline networks, and advanced electrolyzer plants.
“Beyond the fuel itself, the production of e-Fuels necessitates a monumental build-out of new infrastructure for renewable electricity generation [25,382] (far exceeding current capacities), potentially large-scale CO 2 capture facilities and pipeline networks, and advanced electrolyzer plants [19,66].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [382]
The citation is attached to the claim that e-Fuels require a major build-out of renewable electricity generation. The Introduction discusses projected electricity demand from electric vehicles, and “Other network effects” discusses possible generation expansion for EV charging. Neither addresses e-Fuel production or its renewable-generation requirements; searches for e-Fuels and renewable generation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 42 · Cited by 141
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Rocky, "A review of alternative rate designs: Industry experience with time-based and demand charge rates for mass-market customers," Mountain Institute, Basalt, Colorado, US, vol. RMI (2016a), [Online]. Available: https://rmi.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/04/A Review-of-Alternative-Rate-Designs- 2016.pdf.
- Electric Nation, "The Flexibility of Domestic Electric Vehicle Charging," The Electric Nation Project, IEEE PES Magazine, 2021.
- Authors
- Tirunagari, S., Gu, M., & Meegahapola, L.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 114657-114672
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4312438048
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 7.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Keywords
- electric vehicle charging, smart charging, vehicle-to-grid, grid impact, peak load, voltage violation, voltage unbalance, harmonic distortion, power losses, regulatory framework, charging standards, transport decarbonization, charging infrastructure
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