Analysis of channel error upon selectively encrypted H.264 video
Open accessAbstract
For real-time video streaming applications it is important to preserve both privacy and delay sensitivity. To achieve this, selective encryption exploits the entropy coding stage of hybrid codecs. As streaming applications move towards mobile networks, they become vulnerable to bit-errors in the wireless channel. This paper is a pioneering analysis of the relative impact of bit-errors on the two H.264 codec entropy coders, CAVLC and CABAC. The joint impact of compression and encryption on objective video quality is determined in experiments, when it is found that CAVLC is much more vulnerable to bit-errors compared to CABAC. This finding will guide future bit-error protection schemes for both entropy coders of H.264 video codec.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For selectively encrypted H.264 video bitstreams, CAVLC is more susceptible to channel error than CABAC.
“They determined the combined effect of compression and encryption on the video quality and concluded that CAVLC is more susceptible to channel error.”
From VQProtect: Lightweight Visual Quality Protection for Error-Prone Selectively Encrypted Video Streaming (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Overview on Selective Encryption of Image and Video: Challenges and Perspectives
Massoudi, A., Lefebvre, F., De Vleeschouwer, C., Macq, B., & Quisquater, J.-J. (2008) · EURASIP Journal on Information Security · doi:10.1155/2008/179290 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- B. Furht, D. Socek, and A.M. Eskicioglu, "Funadaments of multimedia encryption techniques," in Multimedia Security Handbook, B. Furht and D. Kirovski, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004, pp. 95-132.
- O. Oyman, and S. Singh, "Quality of experience for HTTP adaptive streaming services," IEEE Common. Mag., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 20-27, 2012.
- I.E.G. Richardson, H.264 and MPEG-4 video compression, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K, 2003.
- J. Ostermann et al., "Video coding with H.264/AVC: Tools, performance, and complexity," IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7-28, 2004
- X. Tan, T. M. Le, and Y. Lian, Entropy encoders of the H.264/AVC standard: Signals, and Communication Technology, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2011.
- D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, "Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264 video compression standard," IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 620-636, 2003.
- Ch. Jiao, L. Schwiebert, and B. Xu, "On modeling the packet error statistics in bursty channels," in Proc. of IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks, 2002, pp. 534-541.
- M. N. Ashgar, M. Ghanbari, and M. Reed, "Sufficient encryption with codewords and bin-strings of H.264/SVC," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications., pp. 443-450, Liverpool UK, June 2012.
- M. N. Ashgar, M. Ghanbari, M. Fleury, and M. Reed, "Efficient selective encryption with H.264/SVC CABAC Bin-Strings," in Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Proc., Orlando FL, 2012.
- J. Korhone, A. Perkis, and U. Reiter, "Congestion control in wireless links based on selective delivery of erroneous packets," Signal Processing: Image Commun., vol. 26, pp. 106-115, 2006.
- Q. Huynh-Thu, and M. Ghanbari, "The accuracy of PSNR in predicting video quality for different scenes and frame rates," Telecommunication Systems, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 35-48, 2012.
- A. M. Demirtas, A. R. Reibman, and H. Jafarkhani, "Performance of H.264 with isolated bit-error: Packet decoded or discard?" in Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Proc., 2011, pp. 949-952.
- Y. Wang, and Q-F. Zhu, "Error control and concealment for video communication," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 974-997, 1998.
- C. Weidman and O. Némethová, "Improved sequential decoding of H.264 video with VLC resynchronization," in Proc. of IST Mobile Summit, 2006.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gillani, S. M., Asghar, M. N., Shifa, A., Abdullah, S., Kanwal, N., & Fleury, M. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24060755 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Asghar, M. N., Ghanbari, M., Fleury, M., & Reed, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Venue
- 2012 4th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference (CEEC)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 26
- Pages
- 139-144
- OpenAlex
- W2048884217
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.28
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Video Coding and Compression Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image and Video Quality Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Data Compression Techniques
- Keywords
- H.264/AVC, selective encryption, bit errors, entropy coding, CAVLC, CABAC, video streaming, wireless channels, video quality, privacy, cellular networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
