The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dual-stream Multiple Instance Learning Network for Whole Slide Image Classification with Self-supervised Contrastive Learning
Open accessAbstract
We address the challenging problem of whole slide image (WSI) classification. WSIs have very high resolutions and usually lack localized annotations. WSI classification can be cast as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem when only slide-level labels are available. We propose a MIL-based method for WSI classification and tumor detection that does not require localized annotations. Our method has three major components. First, we introduce a novel MIL aggregator that models the relations of the instances in a dual-stream architecture with trainable distance measurement. Second, since WSIs can produce large or unbalanced bags that hinder the training of MIL models, we propose to use self-supervised contrastive learning to extract good representations for MIL and alleviate the issue of prohibitive memory cost for large bags. Third, we adopt a pyramidal fusion mechanism for multiscale WSI features, and further improve the accuracy of classification and localization. Our model is evaluated on two representative WSI datasets. The classification accuracy of our model compares favorably to fully-supervised methods, with less than 2% accuracy gap across datasets. Our results also outperform all previous MIL-based methods. Additional benchmark results on standard MIL datasets further demonstrate the superior performance of our MIL aggregator on general MIL problems.
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“Instead of training an additional model on top of patch embeddings from scratch34,73–80, these whole-slide representation models can be pretrained to distill pathology-specific knowledge from large WSI collections, simplifying clinical endpoint prediction with their off-the-shelf application.”
From A multimodal whole-slide foundation model for pathology (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
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“The remaining studies explored multiple other tasks and many focused on classification of malignant disorders such as breast cancer56,61,88, skin cancer89, and lung cancer59.”
From Self-supervised learning for medical image classification: a systematic review and implementation guidelines (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
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Cites
Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.90 · Cited by 235,474
Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, L., & Polosukhin, I. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1706.03762 · Cited by 120,404
U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation
Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., & Brox, T. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28 · Cited by 99,404
Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization
Kingma, D. P., & Ba, J. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.6980 · Cited by 98,946
Jakubův, J., Chvalovský, K., Goertzel, Z., et al. (2023) · DROPS (Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics) · doi:10.4230/lipics.itp.2023.19 · Cited by 76,648
ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., & Fei-Fei, L. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206848 · Cited by 65,333
Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection
Lin, T.-Y., Dollar, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Hariharan, B., & Belongie, S. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.106 · Cited by 30,939
A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis
Litjens, G., Kooi, T., Bejnordi, B. E., Setio, A. A. A., Ciompi, F., Ghafoorian, M., van der Laak, J. A. W. M., van Ginneken, B., & Sánchez, C. I. (2017) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2017.07.005 · Cited by 15,332
Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning
He, K., Fan, H., Wu, Y., Xie, S., & Girshick, R. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00975 · Cited by 13,347
Wang, X., Girshick, R., Gupta, A., & He, K. (2018) · 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00813 · Cited by 11,596 · cited 2×
“This operation is a kind of non-local operations [49] similar to self-attention [45].”
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Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology
Chen, R. J., Ding, T., Lu, M. Y., Williamson, D. F. K., Jaume, G., Song, A. H., Chen, B., Zhang, A., Shao, D., Shaban, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02857-3 · Cited by 1,560
A whole-slide foundation model for digital pathology from real-world data
Xu, H., Usuyama, N., Bagga, J., Zhang, S., Rao, R., Naumann, T., Wong, C., Gero, Z., González, J., Gu, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07441-w · Cited by 921
Transformer-based unsupervised contrastive learning for histopathological image classification
Wang, X., Yang, S., Zhang, J., Wang, M., Zhang, J., Yang, W., Huang, J., & Han, X. (2022) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2022.102559 · Cited by 751
Scaling Vision Transformers to Gigapixel Images via Hierarchical Self-Supervised Learning
Chen, R. J., Chen, C., Li, Y., Chen, T. Y., Trister, A. D., Krishnan, R. G., & Mahmood, F. (2022) · 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.01567 · Cited by 621
Self-citationA pathology foundation model for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction
Wang, X., Zhao, J., Marostica, E., Yuan, W., Jin, J., Zhang, J., Li, R., Tang, H., Wang, K., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07894-z · Cited by 580
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Metadata
- Authors
- Li, B., Li, Y., & Eliceiri, K. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Yin
- Eliceiri, Kevin W.
- Venue
- 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 2021
- Pages
- 14313-14323
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8765709
- OpenAlex
- W3176719058
- Cited by
- 957
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 204 · 2025: 247 · 2024: 241 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 12
- FWCI
- 58.33
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Semiconductor Research Corporation
- Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM135019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Keywords
- whole slide image classification, multiple instance learning, self-supervised contrastive learning, two-stream network, tumor detection, multi-scale features
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