The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The particle swarm: social adaptation of knowledge
Abstract
Particle swarm adaptation is an optimization paradigm that simulates the ability of human societies to process knowledge. The algorithm models the exploration of a problem space by a population of individuals; individuals' successes influence their searches and those of their peers. The algorithm is relevant to cognition, in particular the representation of schematic knowledge in neural networks. Particle swarm optimization successfully optimizes network weights, simulating the adaptive sharing of representations among social collaborators. The paper introduces the algorithm, begins to develop a social science context for it, and explores some aspects of its functioning.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
Animal intelligence; experimental studies
Thorndike, E. L. (1911) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.55072 · Cited by 1,100
Cited by
A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm
Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. C. (2002) · 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Computational Cybernetics and Simulation · doi:10.1109/icsmc.1997.637339 · Cited by 4,767
Self-citationA Competitive Swarm Optimizer for Large Scale Optimization
Cheng, R., & Jin, Y. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2322602 · Cited by 1,052
A Hybrid of Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for Recurrent Network Design
Juang, C.-F. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) · doi:10.1109/tsmcb.2003.818557 · Cited by 964
Bio inspired computing – A review of algorithms and scope of applications
Kar, A. K. (2016) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2016.04.018 · Cited by 578
DEPSO: hybrid particle swarm with differential evolution operator
Zhang, W.-J., & Xie, X.-F. (2004) · SMC'03 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Conference Theme - System Security and Assurance (Cat. No.03CH37483) · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244483 · Cited by 401
Metadata
- Authors
- Kennedy, J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of 1997 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC '97)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2002-11-22
- Pages
- 303-308
- OpenAlex
- W2135646341
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 33.98
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The particle swarm: social adaptation of knowledge. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/icec.1997.592326
- The paper
- Kennedy, J. (2002). The particle swarm: social adaptation of knowledge. Proceedings of 1997 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC '97). https://doi.org/10.1109/icec.1997.592326
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.