RaceMOP: Mapless Online Path Planning for Multi-Agent Autonomous Racing using Residual Policy Learning
Open accessAbstract
The interactive decision-making in multi-agent autonomous racing offers insights valuable beyond the domain of self-driving cars. Mapless online path planning is particularly of practical appeal but poses a challenge for safely overtaking opponents due to the limited planning horizon. To address this, we introduce RaceMOP, a novel method for mapless online path planning designed for multi-agent racing of F1TENTH cars. Unlike classical planners that rely on predefined racing lines, RaceMOP operates without a map, utilizing only local observations to execute high-speed overtaking maneuvers. Our approach combines an artificial potential field method as a base policy with residual policy learning to enable long-horizon planning. We advance the field by introducing a novel approach for policy fusion with the residual policy directly in probability space. Extensive experiments on twelve simulated racetracks validate that RaceMOP is capable of long-horizon decision-making with robust collision avoidance during overtaking maneuvers. RaceMOP demonstrates superior handling over existing mapless planners and generalizes to unknown racetracks, affirming its potential for broader applications in robotics. Our code is available at http://github.com/raphajaner/racemop.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Residual RL was deployed on the F1TENTH simulator, attaining lap time improvement and overtaking behavior on different tracks.
“This technique was further deployed on the F1TENTH simulator [11], [12], attaining lap time improvement and overtaking behavior on different tracks.”
From RLPP: A Residual Method for Zero-Shot Real-World Autonomous Racing on Scaled Platforms (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Silver, T., Allen, K., Tenenbaum, J., & Kaelbling, L. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.06298 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 36
- A. Wischnewski, M. Geisslinger, J. Betz, T. Betz, F. Fent, A. Heilmeier, L. Hermansdorfer, T. Herrmann, S. Huch, P. Karle et al., "Indy autonomous challenge-autonomous race cars at the handling limits," in 12th International Munich Chassis Symposium 2021. Springer, 2022, pp. 163-182.
- J. Betz, H. Zheng, A. Liniger, U. Rosolia, P. Karle, M. Behl, V. Krovi, and R. Mangharam, "Autonomous vehicles on the edge: A survey on autonomous vehicle racing," IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 3, pp. 458-488, 2022.
- V. Suresh Babu and M. Behl, "Threading the needle-overtaking framework for multi-agent autonomous racing," SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles, vol. 5, no. 1, 2022.
- T. Stahl, A. Wischnewski, J. Betz, and M. Lienkamp, "Multilayer graph-based trajectory planning for race vehicles in dynamic scenar- ios," in Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE, 2019.
- M. O'Kelly, H. Zheng, D. Karthik, and R. Mangharam, "F1tenth: An open-source evaluation environment for continuous control and rein- forcement learning," in NeurIPS 2019 Competition and Demonstration Track. PMLR, 2020, pp. 77-89.
- V. Mnih, K. Kavukcuoglu, D. Silver, A. Graves, I. Antonoglou, D. Wierstra, and M. Riedmiller, "Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning," arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.5602, 2013. · arXiv
- E. Kaufmann, L. Bauersfeld, A. Loquercio, M. Müller, V. Koltun, and D. Scaramuzza, "Champion-level drone racing using deep reinforce- ment learning," Nature, vol. 620, no. 7976, pp. 982-987, 2023.
- P. Lin, W. Y. Choi, and C. C. Chung, "Local path planning using ar- tificial potential field for waypoint tracking with collision avoidance," in Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2020, pp. 1-7.
- R. Zhang, J. Hou, G. Chen, Z. Li, J. Chen, and A. Knoll, "Residual policy learning facilitates efficient model-free autonomous racing," IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 11 625- 11 632, 2022.
- R. Trumpp, D. Hoornaert, and M. Caccamo, "Residual policy learning for vehicle control of autonomous racing cars," in IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE, 2023, pp. 1-6.
- B. Evans, H. A. Engelbrecht, and H. W. Jordaan, "Learning the subsystem of local planning for autonomous racing," in 2021 20th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR). IEEE, 2021, pp. 601-606.
- A. Raji, A. Liniger, A. Giove, A. Toschi, N. Musiu, D. Morra, M. Verucchi, D. Caporale, and M. Bertogna, "Motion planning and control for multi vehicle autonomous racing at high speeds," in Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE, 2022.
- N. Li, E. Goubault, L. Pautet, and S. Putot, "A real-time nmpc controller for autonomous vehicle racing," in 2022 6th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robots (ICACR). IEEE, 2022, pp. 148-155.
- V. Sezer and M. Gokasan, "A novel obstacle avoidance algorithm: "follow the gap method"," Robotics and Autonomous Systems, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 1123-1134, 2012.
- S. Karaman and E. Frazzoli, "Incremental sampling-based algorithms for optimal motion planning," Robotics: Science and Systems, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 267-274, 2010.
- S. Feraco, S. Luciani, A. Bonfitto, N. Amati, and A. Tonoli, "A local trajectory planning and control method for autonomous vehicles based on the rrt algorithm," in AEIT international conference of electrical and electronic technologies for automotive. IEEE, 2020, pp. 1-6.
- L. Ma, J. Xue, K. Kawabata, J. Zhu, C. Ma, and N. Zheng, "A fast rrt algorithm for motion planning of autonomous road vehicles," in Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE, 2014, pp. 1033-1038.
- F. Von Hundelshausen, M. Himmelsbach, F. Hecker, A. Mueller, and H.-J. Wuensche, "Driving with tentacles: Integral structures for sensing and motion," Journal of Field Robotics, vol. 25, no. 9, 2008.
- C. Alia, T. Gilles, T. Reine, and C. Ali, "Local trajectory planning and tracking of autonomous vehicles, using clothoid tentacles method," in IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE, 2015, pp. 674-679.
- S. Thrun, M. Montemerlo, H. Dahlkamp, D. Stavens, A. Aron, J. Diebel, P. Fong, J. Gale, M. Halpenny, G. Hoffmann et al., "Stanley: The robot that won the darpa grand challenge," Journal of Field Robotics, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 661-692, 2006.
- T. Uusitalo and S. J. Johansson, "A reactive mutli-agent approach to car driving using artificial potential fields," in IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games. IEEE, 2011, pp. 203-210.
- D. Loiacono, A. Prete, P. L. Lanzi, and L. Cardamone, "Learning to overtake in torcs using simple reinforcement learning," in IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE, 2010, pp. 1-8.
- F. Fuchs, Y. Song, E. Kaufmann, D. Scaramuzza, and P. Dürr, "Super- human performance in gran turismo sport using deep reinforcement learning," IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 4257-4264, 2021.
- Y. Song, H. Lin, E. Kaufmann, P. Dürr, and D. Scaramuzza, "Au- tonomous overtaking in gran turismo sport using curriculum reinforce- ment learning," in Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation. IEEE, 2021, pp. 9403-9409.
- J. Zhang and H.-W. Loidl, "F1tenth: An over-taking algorithm using machine learning," in International Conference on Automation and Computing. IEEE, 2023, pp. 01-06.
- P. Werner, T. Seyde, P. Drews, T. M. Balch, I. Gilitschenski, W. Schwarting, G. Rosman, S. Karaman, and D. Rus, "Dynamic multi- team racing: Competitive driving on 1/10-th scale vehicles via learning in simulation," in Conf. on Robot Learning, 2023.
- W. Schwarting, T. Seyde, I. Gilitschenski, L. Liebenwein, R. Sander, S. Karaman, and D. Rus, "Deep latent competition: Learning to race using visual control policies in latent space," in Conf. on Robot Learning. PMLR, 2021, pp. 1855-1870.
- D. Kalaria, Q. Lin, and J. M. Dolan, "Towards optimal head-to-head autonomous racing with curriculum reinforcement learning," arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.13491, 2023. · arXiv
- M. G. Park, J. H. Jeon, and M. C. Lee, "Obstacle avoidance for mobile robots using artificial potential field approach with simulated annealing," in IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics Proceedings, vol. 3. IEEE, 2001, pp. 1530-1535.
- O. Khatib, "Real-time obstacle avoidance for manipulators and mobile robots," in Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, vol. 2, 1985, pp. 500-505.
- J. Schulman, F. Wolski, P. Dhariwal, A. Radford, and O. Klimov, "Proximal policy optimization algorithms," arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347, 2017. · arXiv
- B. D. Evans, H. W. Jordaan, and H. A. Engelbrecht, "Safe reinforce- ment learning for high-speed autonomous racing," Cognitive Robotics, vol. 3, pp. 107-126, 2023.
- J. Burkardt, "The truncated normal distribution," Department of Scien- tific Computing Website, Florida State University, vol. 1, p. 35, 2014.
- M. M. Rahman and Y. Xue, "Robust policy optimization in deep reinforcement learning," arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.07536, 2022. · arXiv
- R. Trumpp, M. Büchner, A. Valada, and M. Caccamo, "Efficient learning of urban driving policies using bird's-eye-view state repre- sentations," in Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2023, pp. 4181-4186.
- M. Theile, D. Bernardini, R. Trumpp, C. Piazza, M. Caccamo, and A. L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, "Learning to generate all feasible actions," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 40 668-40 681, 2024.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
RLPP: A Residual Method for Zero-Shot Real-World Autonomous Racing on Scaled Platforms
Ghignone, E., Baumann, N., Hu, C., Wang, J., Xie, L., Carron, A., & Magno, M. (2025) · 2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) · doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This technique was further deployed on the F1TENTH simulator [11], [12], attaining lap time improvement and overtaking behavior on different tracks.”
- Authors
- Trumpp, R., Javanmardi, E., Nakazato, J., Tsukada, M., & Caccamo, M.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Venue
- 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2024-10-14
- Pages
- 8449-8456
- ISSN
- 2153-0858 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4405785955
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Robotic Path Planning Algorithms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Reinforcement Learning in Robotics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety
- Keywords
- F1TENTH, overtaking, artificial potential field, long-horizon planning, collision avoidance, autonomous racing car
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review