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Language-based information-flow security
Abstract
Current standard security practices do not provide substantial assurance that the end-to-end behavior of a computing system satisfies important security policies such as confidentiality. An end-to-end confidentiality policy might assert that secret input data cannot be inferred by an attacker through the attacker's observations of system output; this policy regulates information flow. Conventional security mechanisms such as access control and encryption do not directly address the enforcement of information-flow policies. Previously, a promising new approach has been developed: the use of programming-language techniques for specifying and enforcing information-flow policies. In this paper, we survey the past three decades of research on information-flow security, particularly focusing on work that uses static program analysis to enforce information-flow policies. We give a structured view of work in the area and identify some important open challenges.
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“As tasks are decomposed across agents, intermediate outputs (e.g., summaries, plans, or tool calls) may implicitly encode or propagate sensitive information beyond intended scopes, creating implicit information flows that bypass explicit access controls (Denning, 1976;Sabelfeld & Myers, 2003).”
From Open Challenges in Multi-Agent Security: Towards Secure Systems of Interacting AI Agents (2025) · cites this paper as Sabelfeld & Myers, 2003
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Fine-grained information flow analysis for a ~ -calculus with sum types
Simonet, V. (2005) · IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop (CSFW) · doi:10.1109/csfw.2002.1021818 · Cited by 16
Static dependent types for first class modules
Sheldon, M. A., & Gifford, D. K. (1990) · ACM Conference on LISP and Functional Programming (LFP) · doi:10.1145/91556.91577 · Cited by 15
Ørbæk, P. (1995) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-59293-8_221 · Cited by 14
An Information Flow Tool for Gypsy
McHugh, J., & Good, D. L. (1985) · Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy/Proceedings of the ... IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/sp.1985.10005 · Cited by 13
Probabilistic Confinement in a Declarative Framework
Pierro, A. D., Hankin, C., & Wiklicky, H. (2001) · Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science · doi:10.1016/s1571-0661(04)00152-5 · Cited by 13
Information flow control in a parallel language framework
Banâtre, J.-P., & Bryce, C. (2002) · IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop (CSFW) · doi:10.1109/csfw.1993.246640 · Cited by 11
Information flow in parallel programs: an axiomatic approach.
Reitman, R. P. (1978) · eCommons (Cornell University) · Cited by 10
Analysing Approximate Confinement under Uniform Attacks
Pierro, A. D., Hankin, C., & Wiklicky, H. (2002) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45789-5_23 · Cited by 9
An approach to information security in distributed systems
Bryce, C., Banâtre, J.-P., & Métayer, D. L. (2002) · IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS) · doi:10.1109/ftdcs.1995.525008 · Cited by 8
An information flow tool for Gypsy
McHugh, J. (2005) · doi:10.1109/acsac.2001.991536 · Cited by 7
Semantic Models for the Security of Sequential and Concurrent Programs
Sabelfeld, A. (2001) · Cited by 7
Self-citationSecurity analysis using flow logics
Bodel, C., Degano, P., Nielson, F., & Nielson, H. R. (2001) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · Cited by 7
Security Analysis using Flow Logics.
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Ørbæk, P. (1997) · Cited by 4
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On confidentiality and algorithms: programming under the constraints of noninterference
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Secrecy for Mobile Implementations of Security Protocols
Giambiagi, P. (2001) · Cited by 1
Static Analysis and Software Assurance
Wagner, D. (2001) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-47764-0_25
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 164 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Barthe, Partial evaluation and noninterference for object calculi, LNCS 1722, 53
- Lindholm, 1996, The Java Virtual Machine.
- Fenton, 1973, Information protection systems
- LaPadula, 1973, Secure Computer Systems: A Mathematical Model, MITRE Corp., Bedford, MA, MTR-2547, vol. 2, 4, 239
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- Mizuno, A least fixed point approach to inter-procedural information flow control, 558
- Giambiagi, 2002, Confidentiality for Implementations of Security Protocols.
- Pierro, Approximate noninterference, 1
- Sutherland, A model of information, 175
- Leino, A semantic approach to secure information flow, LNCS 1422, 254
- Thiemann, Enforcing security properties by type specialization, LNCS 2028
- Abramksy, 1998, Game semantics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
TaintDroid: an information-flow tracking system for realtime privacy monitoring on smartphones
Enck, W., Gilbert, P., Chun, B.-G., Cox, L. P., Jung, J., McDaniel, P. D., & Sheth, A. N. (2010) · doi:10.5555/1924943.1924971 · Cited by 2,259
Enck (2014) · doi:10.1145/2619091 · Cited by 1,203
Schwartz, E. J., Avgerinos, T., & Brumley, D. (2010) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp.2010.26 · Cited by 727
Sampson, A., Dietl, W., Fortuna, E., Gnanapragasam, D., Ceze, L., & Grossman, D. (2011) · ACM SIGPLAN Notices · doi:10.1145/1993316.1993518 · Cited by 589
On the Foundations of Quantitative Information Flow
Smith, G. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00596-1_21 · Cited by 571
Metadata
- Authors
- Sabelfeld, A., & Myers, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-19
- ISSN
- 0733-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122049982
- Cited by
- 1,907
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 122
- FWCI
- 97.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Security and Verification in Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › Logic, programming, and type systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Cryptography and Data Security
- Keywords
- information flow security, confidentiality, static analysis, information flow policies, programming languages, policy enforcement, end-to-end security, open problems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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