Cited by 859Wireless Signal Modulation ClassificationAdvanced Wireless Communication TechniquesAdvanced Wireless Communication Technologies

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Deep Learning Based Communication Over the Air

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Dorner, Sebastian, Cammerer, Sebastian, Hoydis, Jakob, Brink, Stephan ten·2018·IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing

DOI 10.1109/jstsp.2017.2784180

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Abstract

End-to-end learning of communications systems is a fascinating novel concept that has so far only been validated by simulations for block-based transmissions. It allows learning of transmitter and receiver implementations as deep neural networks (NNs) that are optimized for an arbitrary differentiable end-to-end performance metric, e.g., block error rate (BLER). In this paper, we demonstrate that over-the-air transmissions are possible: We build, train, and run a complete communications system solely composed of NNs using unsynchronized off-the-shelf software-defined radios and open-source deep learning software libraries. We extend the existing ideas toward continuous data transmission, which eases their current restriction to short block lengths but also entails the issue of receiver synchronization. We overcome this problem by introducing a frame synchronization module based on another NN. A comparison of the BLER performance of the “learned” system with that of a practical baseline shows competitive performance close to 1 dB, even without extensive hyperparameter tuning. We identify several practical challenges of training such a system over actual channels, in particular, the missing channel gradient, and propose a two-step learning procedure based on the idea of transfer learning that circumvents this issue.

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Authors: Dorner, S., Cammerer, S., Hoydis, J., & Brink, S. T.
Affiliations: University of Stuttgart (DE)
Nokia (France) (FR)
ORCID: Dorner, Sebastian
Cammerer, Sebastian
Hoydis, Jakob
Brink, Stephan ten
Venue: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2018-02
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 132-143
ISSN: 1932-4553 (ISSN-L)
1941-0484
DOI: 10.1109/jstsp.2017.2784180
OpenAlex: W2736068844
Cited by: 859
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 44 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 37
FWCI: 48.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Wireless Signal Modulation Classification
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
Keywords: software-defined radio, frame synchronization, block error rate, transfer learning

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