Near-Field Beamforming for Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces-Assisted MIMO Networks
Open accessAbstract
Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently gained significant interest since they enable precoding in the wave domain that comes with increased processing capability and reduced energy consumption. The study of SIMs and high frequency propagation make the study of the performance in the near field of crucial importance. Hence, in this letter, we focus on SIM-assisted multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in the near field region. To this end, we formulate the weighted sum rate maximization problem in terms of the transmit power and the phase shifts of the SIM. By applying a block coordinate descent (BCD)-relied algorithm, numerical results show the enhanced performance of the SIM in the near field with respect to the far field.
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Nadeem et al. [99]'s simulation results demonstrated that a six-layer SIM with four RF chains achieved the same estimation accuracy as a fully digital channel estimator with 64 RF chains.
“Simulation results demonstrated that a six-layer SIM with four RF chains achieved the same estimation accuracy as a fully digital channel estimator with 64 RF chains.”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
The Numerical Results section specifies a four-layer SIM (L = 4), not the claimed six-layer configuration. The Conclusion says the simulations assess weighted sum rate and compare near-field with far-field beamforming, not channel-estimation accuracy against a 64-RF-chain estimator. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cites
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Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications
An, J., Debbah, M., Cui, T. J., Chen, Z. N., & Yuen, C. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3571069 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Moreover, Papazafeiropoulos et al. [99] maximized the weighted sum rate of multiple users in the near field, where they developed a block coordinate descent algorithm to adjust the transmit power and phase shifts of the SIM.”
Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications
An, J., Debbah, M., Cui, T. J., Chen, Z. N., & Yuen, C. (2024) · arXiv · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Moreover, Papazafeiropoulos et al. [99] maximized the weighted sum rate of multiple users in the near field, where they developed a block coordinate descent algorithm to adjust the transmit power and phase shifts of the SIM.”
- Authors
- Papazafeiropoulos, A., Kourtessis, P., Chatzinotas, S., Kaklamani, D. I., & Venieris, I. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microwave and Fiber Optics Laboratory, Athens, Greece
- National Technical University of Athens (GR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Wireless Communications Letters
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3035-3039
- ISSN
- 2162-2337 (ISSN-L)
- 2162-2345
- OpenAlex
- W4401357223
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Wireless Communications Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Hertfordshire’s 5-year Vice Chancellor’s Research Fellowship
- National Research Fund, Luxembourg, under the project RISOTTI
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Keywords
- stacked intelligent metasurfaces, near field communication, beamforming, MIMO, multi-user MIMO, weighted sum rate maximization, phase shift optimization, transmit power allocation, block coordinate descent, precoding
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