The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics
Open accessAbstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has profoundly changed and will continue to change our lives. AI is being applied in more and more fields and scenarios such as autonomous driving, medical care, media, finance, industrial robots, and internet services. The widespread application of AI and its deep integration with the economy and society have improved efficiency and produced benefits. At the same time, it will inevitably impact the existing social order and raise ethical concerns. Ethical issues, such as privacy leakage, discrimination, unemployment, and security risks, brought about by AI systems have caused great trouble to people. Therefore, AI ethics, which is a field related to the study of ethical issues in AI, has become not only an important research topic in academia, but also an important topic of common concern for individuals, organizations, countries, and society. This paper will give a comprehensive overview of this field by summarizing and analyzing the ethical risks and issues raised by AI, ethical guidelines and principles issued by different organizations, approaches for addressing ethical issues in AI, methods for evaluating the ethics of AI. Additionally, challenges in implementing ethics in AI and some future perspectives are pointed out. We hope our work will provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of AI ethics for researchers and practitioners in this field, especially the beginners of this research discipline.
Overview
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Arrieta, A. B., Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Del Ser, J., Bennetot, A., Tabik, S., Barbado, A., García, S., Gil-López, S., Molina, D., Benjamins, R., et al. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.10045 · Cited by 11,321
Barredo Arrieta, A., Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Del Ser, J., Bennetot, A., Tabik, S., Barbado, A., Garcia, S., Gil-Lopez, S., Molina, D., Benjamins, R., et al. (2020) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.012 · Cited by 10,423 · cited 1×
“…security and privacy of federated learning, Liu et al. [17] dedicated to a survey of privacy and security issues in deep learning, Arrieta et al. [18] concentrated on explainable AI, and Zhang et al. [19] covered the key ethical and privacy issues in AI and traced how such issues have changed…”
BackgroundI.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE
TURING, A. M. (1950) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433 · Cited by 10,290 · cited 1×
“Inthe standard version of Turing Test [145], a remote human interrogator is charged with distinguishing between a machine (a computer) and a human subject based on their replies to various questions posed by the interrogator.”
BackgroundThe future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?
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The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2 · Cited by 6,220 · cited 4×
“An excellent survey and analysis of the current principles and guidelines on ethical AI has been given in 2019 by Jobin et al. [12],whoconductedareviewof84ethicalguidelinesreleasedby nationalorinternationalorganizationsfromvariouscountries.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning
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The Mythos of Model Interpretability
Lipton, Z. C. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.03490 · Cited by 5,422 · cited 2×
“Algorithm explainability: Due to the black-box characteristic of many ML algorithms [33], especially the popular deep learning or neural networks, the decision process of AI algorithms is hard to understand.”
BackgroundStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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“This principle indicates that AI technology should be used to bring beneficial outcome and impact to individuals, society, and the environment [84].”
Background
Cited by
A Culturally Sensitive Test to Evaluate Nuanced GPT Hallucination
McIntosh, T. R., Liu, T., Susnjak, T., Watters, P., Ng, A., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2023.3332837 · Cited by 145
McIntosh, T. R., Susnjak, T., Liu, T., Watters, P., Xu, D., Liu, D., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13020051 · Cited by 102
Artificial Intelligence in Religious Education: Ethical, Pedagogical, and Theological Perspectives
Papakostas, C. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16050563 · Cited by 78
The AI literacy heptagon: A structured approach to AI literacy in higher education
Hackl, V., Müller, A. E., & Sailer, M. (2026) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100540 · Cited by 41
Principles Governing Ethical Development and Deployment of AI
Shukla, S. (2024) · International Journal of Engineering Business and Management · doi:10.22161/ijebm.8.2.5 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, C., Zhang, Z., Mao, B., & Yao, X.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 799-819
- ISSN
- 2691-4581 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4288391568
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 111
- FWCI
- 100.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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