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Cited by 507

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

From Feedforward to Recurrent LSTM Neural Networks for Language Modeling

Sundermeyer, Martin, Ney, Hermann, Schluter, Ralf·2015·IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing

Abstract

Language models have traditionally been estimated based on relative frequencies, using count statistics that can be extracted from huge amounts of text data. More recently, it has been found that neural networks are particularly powerful at estimating probability distributions over word sequences, giving substantial improvements over state-of-the-art count models. However, the performance of neural network language models strongly depends on their architectural structure. This paper compares count models to feedforward, recurrent, and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network variants on two large-vocabulary speech recognition tasks. We evaluate the models in terms of perplexity and word error rate, experimentally validating the strong correlation of the two quantities, which we find to hold regardless of the underlying type of the language model. Furthermore, neural networks incur an increased computational complexity compared to count models, and they differently model context dependences, often exceeding the number of words that are taken into account by count based approaches. These differences require efficient search methods for neural networks, and we analyze the potential improvements that can be obtained when applying advanced algorithms to the rescoring of word lattices on large-scale setups.

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Metadata

Authors
Sundermeyer, M., Ney, H., & Schluter, R.
Venue
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Published
2015-03
Volume
23
Issue
3
Pages
517-529
ISSN
  • 2329-9290 (ISSN-L)
  • 2329-9304
OpenAlex
W1985258458
Cited by
507
References
43
FWCI
38.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: From Feedforward to Recurrent LSTM Neural Networks for Language Modeling. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/taslp.2015.2400218
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Sundermeyer, M., Ney, H., & Schluter, R. (2015). From Feedforward to Recurrent LSTM Neural Networks for Language Modeling. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2400218

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