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Packet Switching in Radio Channels: Part II--The Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution
Abstract
We consider a population of terminals communicating with a central station over a packet-switched multiple-access radio channel. The performance of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) [1] used as a method for multiplexing these terminals is highly dependent on the ability of each terminal to sense the carrier of any other transmission on the channel. Many situations exist in which some terminals are "hidden" from each other (either because they are out-of-sight or out-of-range). In this paper we show that the existence of hidden terminals significantly degrades the performance of CSMA. Furthermore, we introduce and analyze the busy-tone multiple-access (BTMA) mode as a natural extension of CSMA to eliminate the hidden-terminal problem. Numerical results giving the bandwidth utilization and packet delays are shown, illustrating that BTMA with hidden terminals performs almost as well as CSMA without hidden terminals.
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Cited by
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Broch, J., Maltz, D. A., Johnson, D. B., Hu, Y.-C., & Jetcheva, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking · doi:10.1145/288235.288256 · Cited by 4,673
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Holland, G., Vaidya, N., & Bahl, P. (2001) · Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking · doi:10.1145/381677.381700 · Cited by 1,248
Energy-efficient collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks
Rajendran, V., Obraczka, K., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems · doi:10.1145/958491.958513 · Cited by 1,071
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tobagi, F., & Kleinrock, L.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Communications
- Published
- 1975-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1417-1433
- ISSN
- 0096-2244 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142076918
- Cited by
- 1,578
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Packet Switching in Radio Channels: Part II--The Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tcom.1975.1092767
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- Tobagi, F., & Kleinrock, L. (1975). Packet Switching in Radio Channels: Part II--The Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution. IEEE Transactions on Communications. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1975.1092767
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