The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depreciating Motivation and Empirical Security Analysis of Chaos-Based Image and Video Encryption
Abstract
Over the past years, an enormous variety of different chaos-based image and video encryption algorithms have been proposed and published. While any algorithm published undergoes some more or less strict experimental security analysis, many of those schemes are being broken in subsequent publications. In this paper, we show that two main motivations for preferring chaos-based image encryption over classical strong cryptographic encryption, namely computational effort and security benefits, are highly questionable. We demonstrate that several statistical tests, commonly used to assess the security of chaos-based encryption schemes, are insufficient metrics for security analysis. We do this experimentally by constructing obviously insecure encryption schemes and demonstrating that they perform well and/or pass several of these tests. In conclusion, these tests can only give a necessary, but by no means a sufficient condition for security. As a consequence of this paper, several security analyses in related work are questionable; further, methodologies for the security assessment for chaos based encryption schemes need to be entirely reconsidered.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Considering the quantitative test results of the four special schemes on the metrics, it is concluded that the metrics are far ineffective for security analysis”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“In [116], four obviously insecure encryption schemes are subtly constructed to question credibility of the security assessment metrics used in the field of chaotic cryptography widely”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“Among them, the most striking work is depreciating motivation of most chaos-based encryption schemes in [116], refuting any superiority of chaos-based encryption schemes than several variants of AES in terms of computational effort and security performance”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“As shown in [116,117], the security assessment metrics used in most chaos-based image encryption schemes are unconvincing.”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“The security test metrics are widely misused.”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
Citations
Cites
Bassham, L. E., Rukhin, A. L., Soto, J., Nechvatal, J. R., Smid, M. E., Barker, E. B., Leigh, S. D., Levenson, M., Vangel, M., Banks, D. L., et al. (2010) · NIST Special Publication 800-22 Revision 1a · doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-22r1a · Cited by 3,617 · cited 4×
“One option for assessing chaos-based random number generators by statistical means is to apply the NIST test suite [24] proposed for this purpose (see Section III-C).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSymmetric Ciphers Based on Two-Dimensional Chaotic Maps
Fridrich, J. (1998) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s021812749800098x · Cited by 1,917
Image encryption using chaotic logistic map
Pareek, N. K., Patidar, V., & Sud, K. K. (2006) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2006.02.021 · Cited by 1,261
Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4
Fluhrer, S. R., Mantin, I., & Adi Shamir, Z. (2001) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45537-x_1 · Cited by 1,037
(2011) · Cited by 904
2D Sine Logistic modulation map for image encryption
Hua, Z., Zhou, Y., Pun, C., & Chen, C. L. P. (2014) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2014.11.018 · Cited by 780
Chaos-based image encryption algorithm
Guan, Z.-H., Huang, F., & Guan, W. (2005) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2005.08.006 · Cited by 726
Local Shannon entropy measure with statistical tests for image randomness
Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., Saveriades, G., Agaian, S., Noonan, J. P., & Natarajan, P. (2013) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2012.07.049 · Cited by 722 · cited 1×
“as well [41].”
A novel colour image encryption algorithm based on chaos
Wang, X., Teng, L., & Qin, X. (2012) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.10.023 · Cited by 715
A new image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaos
Gao, T., & Chen, Z. (2008) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.07.040 · Cited by 629
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- arnold, 1967, Problèmes Ergodiques De La Mécanique Classique
- boulebtateche, 2011, A multimedia chaos-based encryption algorithm, Proc 12th Int Arab Conf Inf Technol (ACIT)
- balatoni, 1956, On the notion of entropy (Hungarian), Publ Math Inst Hungarian Acad Sci, 1, 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ding, Y., Wu, G., Chen, D., Zhang, N., Gong, L., Cao, M., & Qin, Z. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3012452 · Cited by 301
A novel pixel-split image encryption scheme based on 2D Salomon map
Lai, Q., Hu, G., Erkan, U., & Toktaş, A. (2022) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.118845 · Cited by 254
Cryptanalysis of a Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Information Entropy
Li, C., Lin, D., Feng, B., Lu, J., & Hao, F. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883690 · Cited by 247
When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review
Li, C., Zhang, Y., & Xie, E. Y. (2019) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2019.102361 · Cited by 217
Secure Data Encryption Based on Quantum Walks for 5G Internet of Things Scenario
El-Latif, A. A. A., Abd-El-Atty, B., Mazurczyk, W., Fung, C., & Venegas-Andraca, S. E. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2020.2969863 · Cited by 217
Metadata
- Authors
- Preishuber, M., Hutter, T., Katzenbeisser, S., & Uhl, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- Technische Universität Darmstadt (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2137-2150
- ISSN
- 1556-6013 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-6021
- OpenAlex
- W2790225553
- Cited by
- 256
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 15.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (P27776)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
- Keywords
- chaos-based cryptography, image encryption, video encryption, randomness testing, security analysis, cryptanalysis, security metrics, computational effort
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