The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Supporting Teachers’ Professional Development With Generative AI: The Effects on Higher Order Thinking and Self-Efficacy
Abstract
Generative AI has emerged as a noteworthy milestone and a consequential advancement in the annals of major disciplines within the domains of human science and technology. This study aims to explore the effects of generative AI-assisted pre-service teaching skills training on pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy and higher order thinking. The participants of this study were 215 pre-service mathematics, science, and computer teachers from a university in China. Firstly, a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was implemented for an experimental group (teaching skills training by generative AI) and a control group (teaching skills training by traditional methods) by investigating the teacher self-efficacy and higher order thinking of the two groups before and after the experiment. Secondly, a semi-structured interview comprising open-ended questions was administered to 25 pre-service teachers within the experimental group to present their views on generative AI-assisted teaching. The results showed that the scores of pre-service teachers in the experimental group, who used generative AI for teachers’ professional development, were considerably higher than those of the control group, both in teacher self-efficacy (F = 8.589, p = 0.0084< 0.05) and higher order thinking (F = 7.217, p = 0.008 < 0.05). It revealed that generative AI can be effective in supporting teachers’ professional development. This study produced a practical teachers’ professional development method for pre-service teachers with generative AI.
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“These interventions embedded GenAI within learning platforms to generate real-time hints, guiding questions, automated scoring, or corrective feedback in response to student inputs [32,47,49,59].”
From A Systematic Literature Review on the Pedagogical Implications and Impact of GenAI on Students' Critical Thinking (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“These interventions were frequently embedded in performance-based assessments supported by CT-aligned rubrics (e.g., Bloom's Revised Taxonomy, Paul & Elder's Elements of Thought) [15,47,95].”
From A Systematic Literature Review on the Pedagogical Implications and Impact of GenAI on Students' Critical Thinking (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“These cognitive affordances are amplified when paired with pedagogical intentionality [47].”
From A Systematic Literature Review on the Pedagogical Implications and Impact of GenAI on Students' Critical Thinking (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lu, J., Zheng, R., Gong, Z., & Xu, H.
- Affiliations
- Hangzhou Normal University (CN)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
- Published
- 2024
- Volume
- 17
- Pages
- 1267-1277
- ISSN
- 1939-1382 (ISSN-L)
- 2372-0050
- OpenAlex
- W4392173880
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 14
- FWCI
- 54.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education's Artificial Intelligence to Promote the Construction of Teachers' Team
- Major Humanities and Social Sciences Research Projects in Zhejiang Higher Education Institutions (2023GH005)
- Teaching Academic and Reform Project of Hangzhou Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Keywords
- generative AI, teacher professional development, pre-service teachers, teacher self-efficacy, higher-order thinking skills, teaching skills training, mathematics teachers, science teachers, informatics teachers, initial teacher education
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