The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluating the Visualization of What a Deep Neural Network Has Learned
Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance in complex machine learning tasks such as image classification or speech recognition. However, due to their multilayer nonlinear structure, they are not transparent, i.e., it is hard to grasp what makes them arrive at a particular classification or recognition decision, given a new unseen data sample. Recently, several approaches have been proposed enabling one to understand and interpret the reasoning embodied in a DNN for a single test image. These methods quantify the “importance” of individual pixels with respect to the classification decision and allow a visualization in terms of a heatmap in pixel/input space. While the usefulness of heatmaps can be judged subjectively by a human, an objective quality measure is missing. In this paper, we present a general methodology based on region perturbation for evaluating ordered collections of pixels such as heatmaps. We compare heatmaps computed by three different methods on the SUN397, ILSVRC2012, and MIT Places data sets. Our main result is that the recently proposed layer-wise relevance propagation algorithm qualitatively and quantitatively provides a better explanation of what made a DNN arrive at a particular classification decision than the sensitivity-based approach or the deconvolution method. We provide theoretical arguments to explain this result and discuss its practical implications. Finally, we investigate the use of heatmaps for unsupervised assessment of the neural network performance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3065386 · Cited by 112,155
Going deeper with convolutions
Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., & Rabinovich, A. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298594 · Cited by 48,562
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y · Cited by 39,380
Learning representations by back-propagating errors
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/323533a0 · Cited by 31,892
Learning Multiple Layers of Features from Tiny Images
Krizhevsky, A. (2024) · doi:10.57702/zp44cu3g · Cited by 23,889
Visualizing and understanding convolutional networks
Zeiler, M. D., & Fergus, R. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_53 · Cited by 15,839
Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples
Goodfellow, I. J., Shlens, J., & Szegedy, C. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.6572 · Cited by 10,381
An introduction to variable and feature selection
GuyonIsabelle, & ElisseeffAndré (2003) · Journal of Machine Learning Research · doi:10.5555/944919.944968 · Cited by 8,354
Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networks
Ganin, Y., Ustinova, E., Ajakan, H., Germain, P., Larochelle, H., Laviolette, F., Marchand, M., & Lempitsky, V. (2017) · Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58347-1_10 · Cited by 8,318
Intriguing properties of neural networks
Szegedy, C., Zaremba, W., Sutskever, I., Bruna, J., Erhan, D., Goodfellow, I., & Fergus, R. (2013) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1312.6199 · Cited by 8,143
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- jia, 2013, Caffe An Open Source Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Khan, M. A. A., Tahir, M., Irtaza, S. A., Mughal, M. R., & Yousaf, M. N. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3641868 · Cited by 6
Rahman, M. M., Calhoun, V. D., & Plis, S. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1129 · Cited by 16
Kibria, M. R., Lafond, S., & Arslan, J. (2026) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2026.104405 · Cited by 12
Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation with Conservation Property for ResNet
Otsuki, S., Iida, T., Doublet, F., Hirakawa, T., Yamashita, T., Fujiyoshi, H., & Sugiura, K. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72775-7_20 · Cited by 8
Evaluating gradient-based explanation methods for neural network ECG analysis using heatmaps
Storås, A. M., Maeland, S., Isaksen, J. L., Hicks, S. A., Thambawita, V. L., Graff, C., Hammer, H. L., Halvorsen, P., Riegler, M. A., & Kanters, J. K. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae280 · Cited by 5
Kohan, A., Zahedi, A., Alizadehsani, R., Tan, R., & Acharya, U. R. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70031 · Cited by 9
Variable Instance-Level Explainability for Text Classification.
Chrysostomou, G., & Αλέτρας, Ν. (2021) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 5
GrammarSHAP: An Efficient Model-Agnostic and Structure-Aware NLP Explainer
Mosca, E., Demirtürk, D., Mülln, L., Raffagnato, F., & Groh, G. (2022) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.lnls-1.2 · Cited by 5
Providing Interpretability of Document Classification by Deep Neural Network with Self-attention
Tamekuri, A., Nakamura, K., Takahashi, Y., & Yamaguchi, S. (2022) · Journal of Information Processing · doi:10.2197/ipsjjip.30.397 · Cited by 5
Deep learning and multi-level featurization of graph representations of microstructural data
Jones, R. E., Safta, C., & Frankel, A. (2023) · Computational Mechanics · doi:10.1007/s00466-023-02300-3 · Cited by 5
Explainable AI for Medical Event Prediction for Heart Failure Patients
Wrazen, W., Gontarska, K., Grzelka, F., & Polze, A. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34344-5_12 · Cited by 5
Optimizing Explanations by Network Canonization and Hyperparameter Search
Pahde, F., Yolcu, G. Ü., Binder, A., Samek, W., & Lapuschkin, S. (2023) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw59228.2023.00396 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPietilä, E., & Moreno-Sánchez, P. A. (2024) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49062-0_60 · Cited by 5
Can We Trust Deep Learning Models in SAR ATR?
Gao, Y., Guo, W., Li, D., & Yu, W. (2024) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3356727 · Cited by 5
Transformers: Statistical interpretation, architectures and applications
Meng, F., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/43/20230832 · Cited by 5
Waefler, T., & Schmid, U. (2020) · Otto-Friedrich-Universität eBooks · doi:10.34190/eair.20.007 · Cited by 5
Oussalem, Z., Venkat, R. A., Malagavalli, J., & Bhattacharya, A. K. (2021) · IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) · doi:10.1109/cec45853.2021.9504984 · Cited by 5
Heide, N. F., Muller, E., Petereit, J., & Heizmann, M. (2021) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip42928.2021.9506624 · Cited by 5
Understanding and explaining convolutional neural networks based on inverse approach
Kwon, H. J., Koo, H. I., & Cho, N. I. (2022) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.10.009 · Cited by 6
Cheng, Z., Zhou, J., Wu, W., Chen, Q., & He, L. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096952 · Cited by 5
Forward Composition Propagation for Explainable Neural Reasoning
Grau, I., Nápoles, G., Bello, M., Salgueiro, Y., & Jastrzębska, A. (2024) · IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine · doi:10.1109/mci.2023.3327834 · Cited by 5
Explaining Data-Driven Control in Autonomous Systems: A Reinforcement Learning Case Study
Zou, M., Perrusquía, A., & Guo, W. (2024) · International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) · doi:10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708274 · Cited by 5
A fast search algorithm based on image pyramid for robotic grasping
Ren, G., Shao, Z., Guan, Y., Qu, Y., Tan, J., Wei, H., & Tong, G. (2017) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2017.8206561 · Cited by 5
Rolling in the Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Soydemir, D. (2019) · International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering · doi:10.18201/ijisae.2019457674 · Cited by 5
Deep learning in bioinformatics: introduction, application, and perspective in big data eraPreprint
Li, Y., Huang, C., Ding, L., Li, Z., Pan, Y., & Gao, X. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.00342 · Cited by 5
Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretations, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyond.Preprint
Li, X., Xiong, H., Li, X., Wu, X., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Bian, J., & Dou, D. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 5
Beyond Single Path Integrated Gradients for Reliable Input Attribution via Randomized Path Sampling
Jeon, G., Jeong, H., & Choi, J. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00196 · Cited by 4
Understanding User Preferences in Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Mapping Function Proposal
Hashemi, M., Darejeh, A., & Cruz, F. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3733837 · Cited by 11
Class-Dependent Perturbation Effects in Evaluating Time Series Attributions
Baer, G. T., Grau, I., Zhang, C., & Gorp, P. M. E. V. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08330-2_14 · Cited by 4
Kares, F., Speith, T., Zhang, H., & Langer, M. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.109163 · Cited by 18
Liu, X., Chen, Z., Zhang, H., Li, J., Jiang, Q., Ren, L., & Luo, Y. (2023) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.7566 · Cited by 4
Better Understanding Differences in Attribution Methods via Systematic Evaluations
Rao, S., Böhle, M., & Schiele, B. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3353528 · Cited by 4
Bajaj, A., & Vishwakarma, D. K. (2025) · International Journal of Information Security · doi:10.1007/s10207-025-00986-5 · Cited by 4
Explainable AI for raising confidence in deep learning‐based tumor tracking models
Grama, D. I., Dahele, M. R., Slotman, B. J., & Verbakel, W. F. A. R. (2025) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.17940 · Cited by 5
Fine-Tuning and Explaining FinBERT for Sector-Specific Financial News: A Reproducible Workflow
Cristescu, M. P., Brândaș, C., Mara, D. A., & Petrea, I. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14234680 · Cited by 8
Reynolds, J., & Pan, C. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013784 · Cited by 4
Ribeiro, E., Dias, F. M., Soares, Q. B., Krieger, J. E., & Gutierrez, M. A. (2025) · Research on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42600-025-00432-4 · Cited by 4
Sanogo, M., Gao, F., Littlefield, N. G., Siddiqui, I. A., Carlson, L., Rezaei, A., Bodanki, P., Menezes, Z., Kanda, A., Abedian, M., et al. (2026) · npj Health Systems · doi:10.1038/s44401-026-00072-5 · Cited by 4
Zhang, C., Okafuji, Y., & Wada, T. (2021) · International Journal of Automotive Engineering · doi:10.20485/jsaeijae.12.2_41 · Cited by 4
Measurably Stronger Explanation Reliability Via Model Canonization
Motzkus, F., Weber, L., & Lapuschkin, S. (2022) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897282 · Cited by 4
Self-citationGutiérrez-Mondragón, M. A., König, C., & Vellido, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021155 · Cited by 4
A Novel Metric for XAI Evaluation Incorporating Pixel Analysis and Distance Measurement
Stodt, J., Reich, C., & Clarke, N. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) · doi:10.1109/ictai59109.2023.00009 · Cited by 4
6GIoDT: 6G-assisted intelligent resource utilization framework for the Internet of Drone Things
Mukherjee, A., Biswas, S., Dey, N., & De, D. (2024) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-024-03771-9 · Cited by 4
Toward Understanding the Disagreement Problem in Neural Network Feature Attribution
Koenen, N., & Wright, M. N. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63800-8_13 · Cited by 3
Rathod, P., Naik, S. T., & Bhalodiya, J. M. (2024) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10915-7 · Cited by 4
SDN-DDoSNet: A Deep Learning Framework for DDoS Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networks
Ojha, A., Yadav, A., & Singh, V. (2024) · IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT) · doi:10.1109/cict64037.2024.10899627 · Cited by 4
From Flexibility to Manipulation: The Slippery Slope of XAI Evaluation
Wickstrøm, K., Höhne, M., & Hedström, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92648-8_15 · Cited by 8
Jiang, Y., Zhao, P. F., Zhao, C., & Lin, J. (2025) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.130835 · Cited by 4
A General Approach to Compute the Relevance of Middle-Level Input Features
Apicella, A., Giugliano, S., Isgrò, F., & Prevete, R. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68796-0_14 · Cited by 4
An Interactive Graphical Visualization Approach to CNNs and RNNs
Vyas, A., & Calyam, P. (2020) · IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop · doi:10.1109/aipr50011.2020.9425299 · Cited by 4
Attending via both Fine-tuning and Compressing
Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Chen, Q., Huang, X., & He, L. (2021) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.189 · Cited by 4
Introduction to Deep Learning in Clinical Neuroscience
de Dios, E., Ali, M. B., Gu, I. Y., Vecchio, T. G., Ge, C., & Jakola, A. S. (2021) · Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85292-4_11 · Cited by 4
Shaikh, T. A., Mir, W. A., & Sofi, S. A. (2022) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97929-4_3 · Cited by 5
Jin, Z. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/7846877 · Cited by 4
RetractedA Heatmap-Based Approach for Analyzing Traffic Sign Recognition and Lane Detection Algorithms
Nieroda, B., Wojakowski, T., Skruch, P., & Szelest, M. (2022) · International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics · doi:10.1109/mmar55195.2022.9874299 · Cited by 4
Park, H. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3233036 · Cited by 5
Transformer in mRNA Degradation Prediction
Yit, T. W., hassan, R. B., Zakaria, N. H., Kasim, S. B., Moi, S. H., Khairuddin, A. R., & Amnur, H. (2023) · JOIV International Journal on Informatics Visualization · doi:10.30630/joiv.7.2.1165 · Cited by 4
Zhan, P., Jing, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, C., Huang, X. B., & Wang, L. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.500 · Cited by 4
Analyzing and Diagnosing Pose Estimation with Attributions
He, Q., Yang, L., Gu, K., Lin, Q., & Yao, A. (2023) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00467 · Cited by 4
Analysis of College Students’ Public Opinion Based on Machine Learning and Evolutionary Algorithm
Zhang, J., Zhang, P., & Xu, B. (2019) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2019/1712569 · Cited by 4
Dugne-Hennequin, Q. A., Uchiyama, H., & Lima, J. P. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3062817 · Cited by 4
A psychophysics approach for quantitative comparison of interpretable computer vision modelsPreprint
Bießmann, F., & Refiano, D. I. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.05011 · Cited by 5
Different Perspective of Machine Learning Technique to Better Predict Breast Cancer SurvivalPreprint
Kumar, K., Singh, V. V., & Ramaswamy, R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186890 · Cited by 4
Convolutional Neural Network Interpretability with General Pattern TheoryPreprint
Tjoa, E., & Cuntai, G. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.04247 · Cited by 4
Early Detection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Deep Neural Network–Based Model
Sapra, V., & Sapra, L. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119769293.ch15 · Cited by 4
Robust Malware Detection using Residual Attention NetworkPreprint
Ganesan, S., Vinayakumar, R., Krichen, M., Sowmya, V., Alroobaea, R., & Soman, K. P. (2020) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.13385291 · Cited by 4
Sanity Checks for Saliency Metrics
Tomsett, R., Harborne, D., Chakraborty, S., Gurram, P., & Preece, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6064 · Cited by 3
Graph visualization efficiency of popular web-based libraries
Zhao, X., Wang, X., Zou, X., Liang, H., Bai, G., Zhang, N., Huang, X. Y., Zhou, F., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Visual Computing for Industry Biomedicine and Art · doi:10.1186/s42492-025-00193-y · Cited by 3
Leveraging Sentinel-1/2 time series and deep learning for accurate forest tree species mapping
Tan, J. H., Li, Y., Ma, T., Yan, X., & Huo, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2025.1599510 · Cited by 3
Cai, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Tong, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, K., Zhou, F., Yin, J., & Jing, J. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.131030 · Cited by 4
Interpretable long-horizon air pollution forecasting using a transformer-based framework
Zhang, Z., Ma, X., Engardt, M., Schlesinger, D., & Johansson, C. (2026) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131719 · Cited by 3
Dual-domain knowledge fusion for interpretable knowledge tracing
Zhou, T., Li, G., Yanting, L. I., Zhang, R., & Ju, S. (2026) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2026.115715 · Cited by 4
Data-driven approaches for functional ceramics
Qin, J., Zhang, F., Ma, M., Li, Y., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2026.101213 · Cited by 3
Wang, H. J., Shi, G., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Chen, S., Shi, J., Li, Y., Yue, G., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.70259 · Cited by 5
A Novel Approach to Image Colorization Algorithm using Convolutional Neural Networks
Singla, M., Jain, A., Mantri, M., Tulshain, S., Muthu, R. K., & Naidu, R. C. (2022) · International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC) · doi:10.1109/icaaic53929.2022.9793234 · Cited by 3
HIEF: a holistic interpretability and explainability framework
Kucklick, J.-P. (2023) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.1080/12460125.2023.2207268 · Cited by 6
Bello, M., Costa, P., Nápoles, G., Mesejo, P., & Cordón, Ó. (2024) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102407 · Cited by 3
DocXplain: A Novel Model-Agnostic Explainability Method for Document Image Classification
Saifullah, S., Agne, S., Dengel, A. R., & Ahmed, S. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70546-5_7 · Cited by 5
Pan, G., Liu, C., Wang, G., Wei, H., & Qiao, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3485770 · Cited by 3
On the Evaluation Consistency of Attribution-Based Explanations
Duan, J., Li, H., Zhang, H., Jiang, H., Xue, M., Li, S., Song, M., & Song, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72897-6_12 · Cited by 7
How informative is your XAI? Assessing the quality of explanations through information power
Matarese, M., Rea, F., Rohlfing, K. J., & Sciutti, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1412341 · Cited by 3
An Experimental Investigation into the Evaluation of Explainability Methods for Computer Vision
Stassin, S., Englebert, A., Nanfack, G., Albert, J., Versbraegen, N., Peiffer, G., Doh, M., Riche, N., Frénay, B., & Vleeschouwer, C. D. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74630-7_7 · Cited by 10
Visagreement: Visualizing and Exploring Explanations (Dis)Agreement
Silva, P., Guardieiro, V., Barr, B., Silva, C., & Nonato, L. G. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3558074 · Cited by 5
Real time image processing and smart healthcare using eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI)
Aggarwal, L., Ranjan, V., & Sharma, A. (2025) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2025.105653 · Cited by 3
Don’t get me wrong: How to apply deep visual interpretations to time series
Löffler, C., Lai, W.-C., Zanca, D., Schmidt, L., Eskofier, B. M., & Mutschler, C. (2025) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06798-3 · Cited by 12
Leveraging Gaussian Process Approximations for Rapid Image Overlay Production
Burke, M. (2017) · doi:10.1145/3132711.3132715 · Cited by 3
Temporal Task Scheduling for Delay-Constrained Applications in Geo-Distributed Cloud Data Centers
Bi, J., Yuan, H., Zhang, J., & Zhou, M. (2018) · IEEE ... International Conference on Cloud Computing · doi:10.1109/cloud.2018.00025 · Cited by 3
Evaluating Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation Explainability Maps for Artificial Neural Networks
Ranguelova, E., Pauwels, E., & Berkhout, J. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on eScience · doi:10.1109/escience.2018.00107 · Cited by 3
Wang, Z., Ive, J., Moylett, S., Mueller, C., Cardinal, R. N., Velupillai, S. U., O'Brien, J. T., & Stewart, R. J. (2020) · Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop (ClinicalNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.clinicalnlp-1.19 · Cited by 3
Resilience of Bayesian Layer-Wise Explanations under Adversarial Attacks
Carbone, G., Bortolussi, L., & Sanguinetti, G. (2022) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892788 · Cited by 5
What Boosts Fake News Dissemination on Social Media? A Causal Inference View
Li, Y., Lee, K., Kordzadeh, N., & Guo, R. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33383-5_19 · Cited by 3
Chen, L. (2023) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-023-08459-4 · Cited by 3
RetractedSIGNed explanations: Unveiling relevant features by reducing bias
Gumpfer, N., Prim, J., Keller, T., Seeger, B., Guckert, M., & Hannig, J. (2023) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101883 · Cited by 6
Tasneem, S., & Islam, K. A. (2023) · IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) · doi:10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316012 · Cited by 4
SNIPPET: A Framework for Subjective Evaluation of Visual Explanations Applied to DeepFake Detection
Yang, Y., Joukovsky, B., Jose Oramas, M., Tuytelaars, T., & Deligiannis, N. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3665248 · Cited by 4
Gutiérrez-Mondragón, M. A., Vellido, A., & König, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126572 · Cited by 3
Zhou, Z., Tian, J., Ma, P., Tang, P., Lei, S., Chen, B., & Tian, D. (2024) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2024.3430557 · Cited by 3
Improving Network Interpretability via Explanation Consistency Evaluation
Wu, H., Jiang, H., Wang, K., Tang, Z., He, X., & Lin, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2024.3453058 · Cited by 3
Anik, A. I., & Bunt, A. (2024) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl/hcc60511.2024.00024 · Cited by 4
Jiang, J., Murray, D., Stanković, V., Stanković, L., Hibert, C., Pytharouli, S. I., & Malet, J. (2025) · Science of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.srs.2024.100189 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Samek, W., Binder, A., Montavon, G., Lapuschkin, S., & Muller, K.-R.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute (DE)
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2660-2673
- ISSN
- 2162-237X (ISSN-L)
- 2162-2388
- OpenAlex
- W2240067561
- Cited by
- 1,164
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 120 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 147 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 26
- FWCI
- 53.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea Funded by the Ministry of Education
- DFG (MU 987/17-1)
- German Ministry for Education and Research as Berlin Big Data Center (01IS14013A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- deep neural network interpretability, layer-wise relevance propagation, deconvolution, explainable AI, image classification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review