The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Fast and Accurate Unconstrained Face Detector
Open accessAbstract
We propose a method to address challenges in unconstrained face detection, such as arbitrary pose variations and occlusions. First, a new image feature called Normalized Pixel Difference (NPD) is proposed. NPD feature is computed as the difference to sum ratio between two pixel values, inspired by the Weber Fraction in experimental psychology. The new feature is scale invariant, bounded, and is able to reconstruct the original image. Second, we propose a deep quadratic tree to learn the optimal subset of NPD features and their combinations, so that complex face manifolds can be partitioned by the learned rules. This way, only a single soft-cascade classifier is needed to handle unconstrained face detection. Furthermore, we show that the NPD features can be efficiently obtained from a look up table, and the detection template can be easily scaled, making the proposed face detector very fast. Experimental results on three public face datasets (FDDB, GENKI, and CMU-MIT) show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in detecting unconstrained faces with arbitrary pose variations and occlusions in cluttered scenes.
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Cited by
Object Detection With Deep Learning: A Review
Zhao, Z.-Q., Zheng, P., Xu, S.-T., & Wu, X. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2018.2876865 · Cited by 5,545
Ranjan, R., Patel, V. M., & Chellappa, R. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2781233 · Cited by 1,333
PyramidBox: A Context-Assisted Single Shot Face Detector
Tang, X., Du, D. K., He, Z., & Liu, J. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01240-3_49 · Cited by 426
An All-In-One Convolutional Neural Network for Face Analysis
Ranjan, R., Sankaranarayanan, S., Castillo, C. D., & Chellappa, R. (2017) · 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017) · doi:10.1109/fg.2017.137 · Cited by 409
FaceBoxes: A CPU real-time face detector with high accuracy
Zhang, S., Zhu, X., Lei, Z., Shi, H., Wang, X., & Li, S. Z. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB) · doi:10.1109/btas.2017.8272675 · Cited by 293
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Liao, S., Jain, A. K., & Li, S. Z.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2016-02-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 211-223
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-9292
- OpenAlex
- W2247274765
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 56
- FWCI
- 36.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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