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Highly-Scalable Transmission and Distribution Dynamic Co-Simulation With 10,000+ Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters
Abstract
The inverter-based resource (IBR) has been an important component of power generation within both transmission and distribution systems. The impacts of high IBR penetration on system transient stability have not been explored extensively due to the lack of high-fidelity power grid and inverter models. The aggregate IBR model in the transmission system is only suitable for representing bulk power system (BPS)-connected IBRs, and it cannot precisely reproduce the dynamics of distributed IBRs in the distribution system due to its oversimplified structure. In this study, we have developed a high-penetration fully-connected transmission and distribution (T&D) co-simulation platform that supports the dynamic co-simulation of a synthetic mini-WECC transmission system with multiple IEEE 8500-node distribution systems. The entire platform can accommodate 10,000+ dispersed and 40+ BPS-connected IBRs and achieve 100% power generation from IBRs. A novel iterative T&D power flow initialization technique was proposed to maintain stable transition from power flow to dynamic co-simulation mode with high penetration of IBR models. This study explores the impacts of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverter control on the dynamics of large-scale T&D network. Moreover, a co-simulation platform was developed and tested using high-performance computing (HPC) resources to facilitate parallel simulation.
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References 32 · Cited by 34
Research works printed but not linked: 31
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Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Huang, R., Du, W., Singhal, A., & Huang, Z.
- Affiliations
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Institute of Technology, Delhi, Delhi, India
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 578-590
- ISSN
- 0885-8977 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-4208
- OpenAlex
- W4385627160
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC05-76RL01830)
- DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- Solar Energy Technologies Office (38637)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power System Optimization and Stability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Real-time simulation and control systems
- Keywords
- inverter-based resources, grid-forming inverters, grid-following inverters, transient stability, distributed generation, parallel simulation
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Highly-Scalable Transmission and Distribution Dynamic Co-Simulation With 10,000+ Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tpwrd.2023.3302303
- The paper
- Liu, Y., Huang, R., Du, W., Singhal, A., & Huang, Z. (2024). Highly-Scalable Transmission and Distribution Dynamic Co-Simulation With 10,000+ Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2023.3302303
